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Author Guidelines

I. General Provisions

II. Article types

III. Metadata

IV. Text layout and formatting

V. Tables and figures

VI. Mathematical formulae, equations, and symbols

VII. References

VIII. Footnotes

IX. Additional information, ethical and other statements

X. Manuscript submission and interaction with the journal

XI. Recommended resources for manuscript preparation

I. General provisions 

The journal uses the online submission system available at Elpub and accepts manuscripts in Russian or in English that meet the requirements of the Editorial Policies and Author Guidelines.

Manuscripts are published after successful peer review and approval by the Editorial Board (see the Editing and Publishing Process Flowchart). The journal publishes manuscripts on an unpaid basis.   

For more details on the submission process and communication with the editorial staff, please see the corresponding sections below.

Submission of a manuscript to Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment implies the following:

• The manuscript has not been published before.
• It is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
• The submitted materials do not violate any third-party rights or current legislation.
• The manuscript is written in British English
• When drafting the manuscript, the authors adhered to the ICMJE Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.
• The authors have read the Scope, Publication Ethics & Malpractice Statement, and Editorial Policies of the journal.
• The authors meet all ICMJE criteria for authorship, including the criteria for making substantial contributions to the work, drafting the manuscript, checking the final version of the manuscript prior to publication, and accepting responsibility for the work as a whole and for each individual element of it, as well as the obligation to respond promptly to editorial enquiries before and after publication.
• The authors have appointed a corresponding author, to whom they delegate the primary responsibility for communication with the journal.
• The authors have prepared the documents required for online submission of the manuscript; and each author has completed the ICMJE Disclosure Form

II. Article types 

1. Reviews

1.1. Narrative reviews

1.2. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses

1.3. Reviews to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a biological product

2. Original articles

2.1. Original research

2.2. Controlled clinical trials

2.3. Case reports 

3. Scientific methodology article

4. Editorials

5. Commentaries to published articles and responses to commentaries

1. Reviews

1.1. Narrative reviews

Narrative reviews are systematic analyses of the current literature relevant to the Journal aims and scope. The purpose of a review is to focus on a clearly defined topic and to make the critical review and synthesis of recent published findings useful for researchers working in related fields. Reviews should not cover the area in depth, but rather touch upon fundamental concepts, recent findings, and important unresolved issues with the aim of providing possible recommendations for future research or the use of biologics in clinical practice. For this reason, for example, it is not justified to discuss historical material that is irrelevant to the scientific content of the review and is provided only for the purpose of raising general awareness.

Unacceptable: Simple mechanical combination of text (compilation) or retelling of information from sources without deep analysis. Reviews that are merely a sequential presentation of the content of individual articles without comparative and critical analysis are not accepted.

As a rule, review articles is solicited by the editors.

The length of a review article should not exceed 8,000 words. This includes: abstract, manuscript text, table titles and contents, figure legends, reference list, and other sections of the article, including those translated into English (Template for reviews)

The journal establishes the following 3 mandatory sections for a review article:

1) Introduction: a brief overview of the topic (background information on what is known, possible, controversial), a rationale for the review (its importance, novelty, necessity), a plausible hypothesis to be proved, and the search strategy (databases, keywords and search period covered).

2) Main part: analysis and discussion of literature. This part must have a structure and subheadings; continuous text will not be accepted. . Authors are required to demonstrate:

• Comparison of approaches, methods, results.
• Identification of trends, contradictions, and gaps in research.
• Critical assessment of the quality and reliability of sources.

3) Conclusion: main conclusions, potential limitations, clinical significance, directions for future research.

A few databases shall be used for systematic search. The Journal does not accept reviews (especially systematic ones) prepared with the use of only one database. The list could include subscribed databases like Scopus or WoS and free ones like Pubmed, Scilit and Lens.

A structured abstract is required. It is desirable to indicate "Review" in the title of the article, separated by a colon. The title should not contain trade names of drugs.

Since this type of article is not expected to retell common knowledge, but rather to analyze and synthesize contemporary publications, authors are advised to visualize this as much as possible using tables and figures. When using borrowed images, they must be properly cited and credited, and if they are taken from sources not distributed under a CC-BY license, they shall be accompanied by a note "used with permission of the copyright holder". Up to 5–8 tables/figures are allowed.

Refrences: at least 40 and no more than 80 sources, which should contain publications of the current year; most sources should be from the last 5-7 years. Authors should pay reasonable attention to the balance between national and foreign sources.

For quality assessment of narrative review articles we recommend to use SANRA scale.

1.2. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses

This type of publication is a systematic critical analysis of literature and further generation of data to address the research question or hypothesis posed. All literature or data sources should undergo systematic selection and screening for inclusion and critical appraisal. The search and selection process should be described. The authors of a meta-analysis should describe the specific type of study or analysis, population, intervention, exposure, tests, and results for each publication or data source to ensure that the materials analysed are homogeneous. Data sources should be as current as possible. Ideally, the search should take place within a few months prior to manuscript submission.

For meta-analyses of randomised controlled studies, the authors are required to provide the PRISMA flowchart and checklist.

For meta-analyses of observational studies, the authors are required to provide the MOOSE flowchart and checklist.

Suggested guidelines:

• The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
• MOOSE (Meta-analyses Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) checklist

1.3. Reviews to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a biological product

This type of review aims to provide an independent assessment of the safety of a particular biological product and the best practices for its use.

The title should sound objective and unbiased (no advertising), and the product should be referred to by its INN (International Non-proprietary Name). The abstract should be structured according to the logic of material presentation set by the author in the full text.

The following structure is recommended for the full text:

Introduction: justification of the importance of the topic (e.g. information on the incidence and prevalence of a disease, the unmet medical needs, and the existing treatment guidelines (with an emphasis on regional differences, when appropriate)). Background to the development and use of the biological product described.

Main part: description of the mechanism of action, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data; information on the clinical use, including efficacy data. Safety assessment (this section should form the main part of the review); safety in clinical trials; post-marketing data; safety in special populations (including pharmacogenomics data, if available). Comparisons with other medicinal products (tabular data comparison, if appropriate).

Conclusion: analysis and interpretation of the data presented in the review.

If the article is focused on feasibility, it is recommended to us this guideline «How We Design Feasibility Studies»

2. Original articles

2.1. Original research

These are designed to present original unpublished research findings that contribute novelty to clinical or experimental practice and that can be subsequently replicated and generalised (based on the study design specified in the manuscript and detailed description of methods). Original studies have many types and formats depending on their aim, design, and other characteristics. For example, they include brief experimental and prognostic studies, randomised controlled trials, scientific methodology article, etc. 

The length of an original article should not exceed 6,000 words. This includes: abstract, manuscript text, table titles and contents, figure legends, reference list, and other sections of the article, including those translated into English (Template for original papers) 

The formal structure of the full text and abstract of an original research paper should correspond to the chosen research design (EQUATOR Network guidelines). The most common structure is the IMRAD style, including Introduction, Aim, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion sections (a Conclusions section is acceptable). The editorial staff recommend using subheadings, especially in the Discussion section (where the authors should outline the novelty, clinical significance, limitations of their study, recommendations for follow-up research, and most importantly, if possible, the place of their study in the context of existing studies). This type of publication should clearly state the research question in the Aim section.

For experimental in vivo studies, the authors should consider the layout and the coverage of issues set forth in the ARRIVE guideline. A detailed explanation and relevant checklists can be found at the ARRIVE resource portal.

For prognostic studies (prospective studies designed to develop, validate, or update the diagnostic or prognostic accuracy of a test or model), the STARD and TRIPOD guidelines should be used.

For randomised controlled trials, the appropriate CONSORT checklist and its variants/supplements should be used (see the Clinical Trials section below).

For interventional studies, the Materials and Methods section should be as detailed as possible in accordance with the TIDieR-Checklist and the relevant guidelines.

For all clinical and experimental studies involving only one gender, the authors should reflect this in the title of the manuscript and the Discussion section, according to the SAGER guidelines.

Up to 5–8 tables/figures are allowed.

References: at least 20 and no more than 80 sources, which should contain publications of the current year; most sources should be from the last 5–7 years.

2.2. Controlled clinical trials

This type of publication is designed to present clinical trials with a control group. It is recommended to use subheadings, especially in the Discussion section. The clinical significance and limitations of the study should be clearly stated in the Discussion section. The materials and methods should be carefully detailed.

This type of publication requires a structured abstract, including Introduction, Aims, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusions.

For randomised clinical trials, the editorial staff recommend pre-registering the study protocol (e.g. on clinicaltrials.gov) and posting the raw data in public repositories (e.g. on data.mendeley.com).

Suggested guidelines:

• SPIRIT 2013 Statement: Defining standard protocol items for clinical trials
• CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials 
• Updates to CONSORT reporting guidelines 

2.3. Case reports 

The purpose of this type of article is to expand current knowledge about the use (including off-label) of new biologics in terms of improving patient condition, comfort, and safety. Case reports are accepted only if they (1) contribute to a basic understanding of the disease in the context of the use of new biologic drugs; (2) improve clinical skills; or (3) suggest new directions for research.

The case report should be factual, concisely and logically organized, and understandable and interesting to specialists from related fields.

Lection-style cases demonstrating well-known concepts about the disease (including its etiology), established diagnostic approaches, medical interventions, or outcomes are not accepted for consideration.

The article should not exceed 3,500 words.

The journal sets the following 3 mandatory sections for this type of article:

Introduction. Briefly justify the need for a public presentation of this clinical case. Review of literature data (e.g. to justify a pioneering intervention or confirm a new phenomenon).

Case description. A brief description of the clinical case with key clinical, laboratory, instrumental and other parameters, their specific numerical values, a description of the results of medical interventions and/or disease outcomes (if applicable). A picture of the patient's observation from the moment of admission to the clinic until discharge with the desired visualization (for example, in the form of figures and tables). If the observation is devoted to the use of a new biological drug and this is appropriate, then a discussion of the relationship between the molecular mechanism of the disease and the response to therapy. Indication of the medical institution on which this clinical case was observed, in what period, what methods were used for clinical diagnostics of the patient and the study (if applicable).

Conclusions. Present the main results of the work. The conclusions should correspond to the purpose of the work as much as possible, reflect the possibility of practical application of the obtained results. The conclusions should relate only to a specific case; they should be cautiously extended to significant groups of patients.

Declaration of obtaining informed consent from the patient (or the legal representatives) for publication in the journal. If the patient cannot be identified from the records described and the photographs provided, then this statement should indicate that informed consent is not required for these reasons.

The journal does not require the authors to provide a copy of the completed consent form, nor does it require this consent form to meet any standards. However, for the convenience of the authors, the journal provides a list of items commonly found in such consent forms.

References: at least 10 sources.

Suggested guidelines:

• The CARE Guidelines: Consensus-based Clinical Case Reporting Guideline Development

3. Scientific methodology article

Such articles are intended to provide an introduction to optimized or innovative methods, techniques, and tools that would facilitate more efficient research or clinical procedures in the field of biological products; comparison of new and existing methods. In most articles on the topic of methods, the Journal expects the authors to demonstrate the possibility of validation and reproducibility of the described methods, and, if necessary, to provide relevant evidence.

References: at least 20 and no more than 80 sources, which should contain publications of the current year; most sources should be from the last 5–7 years.

The journal welcomes registration of new methods on the website https://www.protocols.io/

Examples of articles describing new or optimized methods:

• A Rapid and Improved Method to Generate Recombinant Dengue Virus Vaccine Candidates
• Novel production method of innovative antiangiogenic and antitumor small peptides in Escherichia coli

4. Editorials

Editorials are short publications on contemporary issues written by leading experts in a given subject area including editorial board members. The main aim of this type of article is to express the author’s opinion and personal view on a current topic (e.g. development and use of innovative biological products or discussion of various therapeutic strategies that are currently being studied and may deepen the readers’ professional knowledge).

The maximum length of editorials is 1,000–1,500 words.

There should be no brand names of biological products in the title. No abstract is required. An editorial should include a small introduction with background information on the field under consideration. Preferably, the main part should contain a numbered list of the issues addressed. These may include the following:

• What are the main directions and prospects for research in this field at this time?
• What is the potential and ultimate goal of this research? What is needed to achieve this goal?
• How do the authors see the development of the field in the coming years?

The authors of this type of publication may use up to 2 tables, 2 figures and up to 15 literature sources. References to unpublished data should be minimised, and the authors should obtain written consent from the cited individuals to use unpublished materials or personal communications in the manuscript. The journal encourages highlighting the top references in the authors' opinion.

5. Commentaries on published articles and responses to commentaries

Commentaries are provided as reasoned feedback that addresses scientific, methodological, ethical, or clinical aspects of the materials published in the journal, as well as their interpretation. Commentaries are accepted no later than 2 months from the date of article publication. When making a decision on publication, preference is given to commentaries on articles labelled "Editors’ Choice". If possible, commentaries accepted by the Editorial Board are published together with the response of the authors of the original article to this commentary. As an exception, a commentary and a response to it may be published in the issue after the next. Only one round of commenting and responding is allowed, without continuing the discussion in subsequent issues of the journal. Commentaries and responses are required to include the References section, including 2–10 items, where the commented article or commentary should be cited, as well as sources supporting the arguments of the opponent.

Title guidelines:

• A commentary title should include the original title of the commented article in quotation marks, preceded by the phrase and a colon "Commentary on the article:…", and followed by the first author of the original article.
• A response title should include the title of the commentary with the addition of "Response to commentary:…" at the beginning.

III. Metadata

Bibliographic data of an article (including the title of the article, names and ORCID profiles of its authors, the abstract, etc.) are metadata used for correct indexing of the article in Russian and international databases, library collections. Bibliographic data are also used for DOI generation. Therefore, these data should also be provided in English.

Correct indexing, potential visibility, and citability of an article depend on the correctness and completeness of the bibliographic data presented by the authors. For example, if authors do not mention a standard study design in the title or abstract, their paper might not be included in a systematic review that only covers studies of a particular design. Databases will not be able to index an article correctly and completely if its abstract does not specify the international non-proprietary names of the studied medicinal products; the administration methods used; the pathological condition of interest; or the sex, age, and other patient characteristics. This will reduce the chances of finding the article for potential readers.

UDC (Universal Decimal Classification). It is provided in upper left-hand corner of the first page of the manuscript. The authors should select the UDC code based on the subject of the article.

Manuscript title. The title should correspond to the content of the article, be informative, and fully reflect the main aim set by the author for covering the topic. The title should not include hollow and meaningless science-like words (e.g. the question of studying…). The title should not contain acronyms or abbreviations except for those listed in the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings).

Standard study designs should be specified at the end of the title after a colon (e.g. “randomised controlled study”, “systematic review”, “case report”).

The title of a manuscript should not exceed 15 words.

The commercial names of products should be referred to by its INN (International Non-proprietary Name).

Author initials and last names. The authors should submit their full name in English according to their ORCID profile (published name). When filling in their published name in the ORCID profile in the first place, the authors should use the spelling they have used the most in their previous publications. Full names in English should be laid out as follows: the first name, the initial of the patronymic, and the last name (Peter P. Peterson).

The order of authors’ names in their publications is decided upon by the authors.

The corresponding author, who is responsible for all correspondence of the authors with the editorial staff, and subsequently the readers, should be indicated with an envelope symbol in superscript to the right of their last name.

Author affiliations. An affiliation of an author should specify the full official name of the organisation (according to the Charter) and its postal address (street, house number, city, zip code, and country). The journal allows multiple affiliations; please indicate all places of employment relevant to the research. If the authors of a manuscript are from different institutions, the affiliations of each author to a particular institution should be indicated in superscript.

For correct indexing in international citation databases, please do not include quotation marks or the form of incorporation and departmental affiliation.

ORCID profiles. The Editorial Board of the journal recommends each author to use and annually update their ORCID profile. An ORCID profile helps  correct indexing of the author in databases, automatic addition of publications (without manual entry) to the author’s ORCID profile (as well as other profiles), and providing readers with comprehensive information about the author and the author’s expertise. Therefore, a minimally completed ORCID profile is required from the corresponding author. 

Corresponding author. As stated above, this person’s name should be repeated in the footnote, including the full name and an email (preferably corporate, as another email may be considered as an indicator of a potentially fake article).

Abstract. The abstract should be 150–300 words. The abstract should be as detailed as possible, without unnecessary introductions (for example, "the authors of the work attempted to analyze").

Other requirements:

• Abstracts of original articles, clinical cases and reviews should be structured according to the type of articles described above. Subheadings of these sections are highlighted in bold in capital letters (see article templates: review, original paper, case report).
• The INTRODUCTION provides a brief description of the relevance of the research topic: 1-2 sentences should formulate the problem in this area of ​​knowledge and indicate the ways to solve it.
• The PURPOSE of the work should answer the research question (see below).
• In the MATERIALS AND METHODS section, in the case of clinical and experimental studies, the objects and methods of the study, its design, the equipment used, the methodology for assessing the results, randomization, blinding, medical intervention, duration should be described. For reviews, it is expected to detail databases used and the period for which the search was conducted.
• In the RESULTS (DISCUSSION for a review) section, you should present the most important results from each section of the main part of the article, provide all the key factual data (with numerical values ​​in the case of an original article).
• In the CONCLUSIONS section, a generalization of the results obtained and the main result of the work should be presented. Conclusions should correspond as much as possible to the purpose of the work, indicate the direction of further research and (or) the possibility of practical application of the results obtained.
• For optimization of the search for an article in databases and better indexing, it is desirable to use the main terms and phrases reflecting the subject of the work with maximum density in the first sentences of the Abstract (the first 65 words).
• References to literature in the Abstract are not allowed.
• If a registered study protocol is available (especially, for randomised controlled trials) it should be mentioned at the end of the abstract under the heading REGISTRATION as follows:

REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03945968. Registered: 10 May 2019.

Keywords are the most significant words or word combinations on the topic of research, reflecting the specifics of the topic, study objects, and results. Key words are used to search for articles in databases.

The list of keywords should include 5–10 words or word combinations that complement the summary and title of the article. There should be no more than 3 words in one word combination. Keywords should be separated by a semicolon. There should be no full stop after the keywords.

For selecting keywords in English it is advised to use the MeSH thesaurus of medical terms.

Citation information. Please use the following template.

Petrov V.I., Ryazanova A.Yu., Tokareva N.S. Analysis of the consumption of medicinal products associated with a high risk of drug-induced liver injury in patients with COVID-19. Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment. 2024;24(*):**–**.

Upon acceptance for publication, the editorial staff will supplement these data with relevant details.

IV. Text layout and formatting

As stated above for the basic types of articles, the layout of the main text sections may vary considerably depending on the study design and the applicable EQUATOR Network guidelines. However, these sections generally retain the same logic of presentation: introduction, aim, materials and methods, results, discussion, and conclusions. According to the journal's subject policy, descriptions of historical facts not directly related to the purpose of the research are not permitted.

The authors should emphasise the following in these sections.

Introduction

The section should include a brief assessment of the current state of research on the topic.

The section should explain the novelty, importance, and aim of the study.

Aim

• The section should answer what the purpose of the research is. It should explain the research question or the hypothesis being proved (if the aim of the study is to prove a hypothesis).
• The aim should be consistent with the title and the conclusions.
• This section may also list additional objectives.

Materials and methods

• This section is required for original articles.
• It should describe the materials, study objects, and methods in sufficient detail to allow for reproduction of the study.
• It is not necessary to describe known methods in detail; a relevant reference will suffice.
• The choice of experimental objects should be justified.
• The Materials and Methods section should specify the number of participants and the methods of their selection (inclusion/exclusion criteria). The section should specify the number of patients who withdrew from the study due to side effects.
• Studies involving human subjects should include an indication of compliance with the 2013 Declaration of Helsinki. Articles on clinical trials should be provided with information on ethics committee approval (with the name and number of the approval document).
• It should be made clear what types of consent were obtained (e.g. for participation in the study, for publication of anonymised data).
• Information on the sources of all animals, cell cultures, strains of microorganisms, etc. used in the work should be specified accurately and in detail. The Materials and Methods section should specify the purity qualification and manufacturer of the reagents used, as well as the brand and manufacturer of the instruments and equipment used in experiments.
• Research involving animals should include an indication of compliance with international, national, or institutional animal welfare regulations. Articles on preclinical trials should be provided with information on ethics committee approval.
• Company names should be given in their original spelling.
• Where possible, the international non-proprietary names of medicinal products should be given instead of their trade names.
• The conditions and sequence of operations used in the experiments and the software used in the study should be specified.
• This section should detail the randomisation process.
• The methods used for blinding and statistical processing of results should be specified.
• If an AI-based software was used for drafting the manuscript, the name and version of the software should be given, as well as the prompts.

Results

• This section should outline key outcomes and outcome indicators; baseline and endline data for the sample should be provided in this section; absolute values (e.g. increases, decreases, or absolute differences between groups), effect sizes, and appropriate measures of uncertainty, such as confidence intervals (CIs); mean values and standard deviations for normally distributed data, as well as medians and ranges or interquartile ranges (IQRs) for data that are not normally distributed.
• Statements solely about the results of statistical hypothesis testing, such as p-values, that cannot convey important quantitative information, should be avoided. In most studies, p-values should follow reports of comparisons of absolute values or measures of uncertainty (e.g. 0.8%, 95% CI: 0.2 to 1.8%; p=0.13).
• Studies of screening and diagnostic tests should report the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios observed.
• All randomised clinical trials should include results obtained from analyses of treatment assignment and side effects.
• No personally identifiable information (patient names and initials, medical record numbers) may be published. Photographs submitted for publication should not provide for patient identification.
• The journal welcomes pre-posting of all raw research data in public repositories that assign DOIs (e.g. Mendeley Data).

Discussion

• This section should provide a critical and objective examination of the research undertaken or an interpretation of the results (i.e. discussion of the results in comparison with other publications on the topic).
• The section should consider the research question or the study hypothesis (also from the perspective of comparison with other studies).
• It should discuss the results, rather than repeat them.
• The novelty, limitations of the study, and potential biases unaccounted for in the study should be described and recommendations should be given for future research.

Conclusions

• This section should include only conclusions directly supported by the results.
• The importance and clinical relevance of the study should be described without speculation or improper generalisation.
• Equal emphasis should be put on positive and negative findings of equal scientific value.
• This section should state, if necessary, whether additional research is required to begin using the obtained information in a clinical setting.
• This section may present the findings as a numbered list.
• Citing sources not discussed earlier is not allowed.

Formatting

Margins: upper and lower: 2 cm, left: 3 cm, right: 1.5 cm.

Type: 14-point Times New Roman with 1.5-line spacing (main text); 12-point Times New Roman with 1-line spacing (abstract, keywords, data for citation, corresponding author data, tables, figure captions, acknowledgements, disclosure statement, reference list, and information about the authors)

 Abbreviations and glossaries

• Abbreviations are allowed in the manuscript if written out in full at the first mention.
• Abbreviations given in the abstract should be defined once again in the body text.
• Common abbreviations (e.g. DNA, COVID-19) do not need explanation at first mention.
• The manuscript may be provided with a glossary of terms and abbreviations, which should be placed at the beginning before the Introduction section.

Units of measurement

Units of measurement and other numerical values should be given according to the SI system.

 Citations

• Citations should be verified and properly formatted.
• References to literature sources in the text should be numbered in square brackets.
• Non-indexed sources (see the Literature section) should be referenced in footnotes.
• References in the body text including names should start with initials before last names (According to P.M. Ivanov et al. [25], as well as J.K. Johnson et al. [26]).
• Foreign last names should be spelled as in the source publication.
• When citing preprints, the authors of the manuscript should note "preprint" in parentheses in the most appropriate place in their opinion (according to P.M. Ivanov et al. [25] (preprint)).

Full stops

• Do not put a full stop after the title of the manuscript; subheadings; keywords; links; titles, notes, and captions of tables and figures; measurement units (e.g. с, секунда; г, грамм; мин, minute; сут, day; град, degree), some numerals (млн, million; млрд, milliard; трлн, trillion), subscripts (Т_пл,melting point; T_ф.п, phase transition point).
• Put full stop after truncations (мес., month; г., year).

Latin

• Latin names of research objects should be written in compliance with generally accepted taxonomy nomenclature; binomial names of species and higher taxa are usually typeset in italics (e.g. Valeriana officinalis, genus Valeriana, family Valerianaceae).
• Genus and species names should be given in full at the first mention in the text; thereafter, the generic name may be indicated by one (first) capital letter, and the species name should be indicated in full (e.g. officinalis).
• Names and symbols of genes should be in italics, and names of gene products should be in regular font and start with a capital letter, e.g. genes: fos, c-myc, ATM; proteins: Fos, c-Myc, ATM.
• Names of mobile genetic elements and the first three letters of restriction sites should be in italics, e.g. hobo-element, Hin
• Names of phages and viruses should be in Latin in regular font.

V. Tables and figures

General requirements

• All figures and tables should be placed in the text of the manuscript as they are mentioned.
• All semantic and textual content of the material in tables and figures should be self-sufficient, i.e. understandable to the reader without referring to the main text of the article.
• All abbreviations in tables and figures should be explained in the notes, even if they have already been used in the main text of the article.
• The data presented in tables and figures should confirm the results described in the text of the article; the data in tables and figures should not duplicate each other
• In case of quoting a table or figure, the source should be indicated, as well as the permission received for use, if the license differs from CC BY (CC BY assumes the use without permission)
• The editors reserve the right to make changes to the design of the illustrative material to bring it into line with the layout of the journal.
• It is recommended to provide no more than 5-8 illustrations (tables and figures) in one article.
• If there are more illustrations, the editors may decide to place some of them in the online attachments to the article
• Tables and figures are numbered separately using Arabic numerals.
• References to the table or figure number are written in italics in brackets, abbreviated (Fig. 1, Table 1) or in full: “Figure 1 shows…” or “Table 1 presents…”.
• If there is only one illustration (table or figure) in the text, it is also numbered
• Each table (figure) must have a title (caption), which includes the serial number of the table (figure) and its name. For example: “Table 2. List of bacteriophage drugs”. “Fig. 2. Description of the technological process”.
• The title of the table/figure is translated into English. The translation of the table title or caption into English should be placed below the table title/caption in Russian.

Tables

• Tables must be editable, generated using Microsoft Office tools.
• There is no period after the table title. Headings are aligned to the left.
• The table title should not contain abbreviations.
• Tables should be compact and have clearly marked columns that are easy and understandable to read. Column names are in bold.
• Quantities mentioned in the column headings should be accompanied by units of measurement.
• Empty cells in the table are not allowed! If there is no data in a table cell, a dash is used with an explanation in the note.
• It is not recommended to use abbreviations of words in tables. If abbreviations are used, their explanation is given in the note (Note) to the table.
• Explanations for individual results in the table are given below the table and are designated in italics in a superscript with English letters (– a, b…).

Figures

• Figures should be placed in the text of the article immediately after the paragraph where they are first referenced.
• Drawings prepared using graphic programs are submitted to the editor as separate source files (e.g., for Excel - xls, for Corel Draw - cdx, etc.).
• Preference is given to vector formats (svg, al, eps, cdr). Raster formats (jpg, tif) and raster pdf are allowed.
• For the above reason, if the software allows you to provide graphs and drawings in vector format, you should choose the appropriate
• Each file is named by the first author's last name and the figure number)
• The resolution of raster drawings and photographs must be at least 300 dpi.
• Microphotographs must indicate the scale. If necessary, the captions to the microphotographs indicate the magnification.
• The axes of the graphs must indicate the values ​​plotted and the units of their measurement separated by a comma.
• It is allowed to submit several graphs, photographs, etc. under one caption. In this case, the figures are designated with English capital letters (A, B, C, D, etc.), their designations are placed in the upper right corner of the figure, and the explanation is given in the caption.
• All intra-figure captions (e.g. legend description, axis names in graphs) can be given either in the figure field (if the captions are not too voluminous) or under the figure in the caption after the title. Intra-figure captions are given in Russian and English.
• Explanatory information (explanations of symbols, necessary clarifications, explanations of symbols and abbreviations) should be placed in the caption after the title.
• Figures can be colored (preferably) or black and white.
• Figures must be made taking into account their full perception by readers with color blindness (e.g. by introducing different numbers/letters/symbols for curves or areas represented in different colors). If this rule is not followed, manuscripts that have received generally positive reviews will be returned for revision.
• All illustrations are done in the color modes "RGB" (for color) or "Grayscale" (for black and white).
• Authors are advised to consider using a pie chart. Horizontal bar chart is preferable as it tend to be more objective in reflecting values
• The journal does not welcome the use of colored backgrounds in graphs
• The journal does not welcome shadows in line graphs, as well as inappropriate 3D graphics for two-dimensional images.

VI. Mathematical formulae, equations, and symbols

Stand-alone mathematical formulae (placed on a separate line) should be generated as a single MathType element. Formula formatting as sets of different elements, such as a table, a text, or a filled-in box, is unacceptable. The article should not contain any formulae formatted as images.

MathType equations should use the software’s default settings for font type, size, and placement of symbols:

• Digits should be in regular font.
• Latin letters (alphabetical symbols) denoting values should be in italics.
• Abbreviated mathematical symbols (e.g. sin, cos, lg, lim, max) should be in regular font.
• Russian letters (both in formulae and subscripts/superscripts) should be in regular font.
• Subscripts/superscripts should be in regular font—e.g. N_fin(i.e. N_final), C_max, S_mean—with no full stop at the end.
• Greek letters should be in straight font.
• Symbols of chemical elements should be in regular font.

Simple mathematical and chemical formulae (e.g. a₂ + b₂ = c₂; H₂SO₄) and individual variables or symbols should be presented as simple text and should not be included in filled-in boxes (MathType is not needed). If an equation is too long to fit into one line, it should be carried forward to the next line after an equal sign (=), a plus sign (+), a minus sign (‒), a multiplication sign (×), or another mathematical sign, provided that the sign is repeated at the beginning of the new line.

Numeric symbols and numerical factors should be explained immediately below the formula/equation in order of appearance. Formulae and equations are assigned sequential numbers that run through the whole text of the manuscript. The authors should use Arabic numerals in brackets for numbering formulae and place each number at the right end of the corresponding line.

For example:

A single formula/equation should be denoted as (1). In-text references to formula/equation numbers should be provided in Arabic numerals in brackets. In English, decimal places in digits are separated with a full stop, and not with a comma (0.25 instead of 0,25). The reverse is true for Russian text (0,25 instead of 0.25).

VII. References

Main recommendations:

• The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the data they provide in the list of references.
• The reference list should include only indexed national and international sources—articles from scientific journals and collections (including online ones), monographs, patents— preferably, published over the last 5–7 years. There must be sources for the last 1-2 years.
• References to own works (self-citation) must be justified, their number should not exceed 20–25%.
• Other documents and regulatory documents, including pharmacopoeial articles) should be cited in footnotes (see the Footnotes section).
• The journal adheres to an adapted version of the Vancouver style, rather than the Russian GOST, which is informational in nature.
• International citation systems require that the References section should be included in the English-language part of the article. Accordingly, references to sources should be made not only in the original language but also in the Latin (Roman) alphabet, according to official translations (not by free transliteration). If a source does not provide a ready-made citation for reference lists, it is acceptable to transliterate the title of this source and its authors' names. In this case, the BSI format should be used.
• The use of hyphenation for word breaks (especially DOIs) is prohibited, as this may impede correct indexing in databases.

Other recommendations:

• References should be numbered consecutively in the order they are first used in the text.
• The number of references in the list depends on the type of publication. However, the journal encourages including ≤80 references per manuscript. References to articles that have been accepted for publication but have not been published yet should state “in print” in square brackets. The authors should obtain written confirmation that such articles have been indeed accepted for publication. References to preprints should state “preprint” in square brackets. Please see examples below.
• If there are fewer than 4 authors, all of them should be mentioned in the bibliographic description. If there are more than 4 authors, only the first 3 should be mentioned, and the rest should be indicated as et al.
• If only editors of a book are mentioned, the editors’ names should be followed by “eds.” or “ed.” in English.
• There should be no commas between authors’ last names and their initials and no full stops after the initials.
• Bibliographic descriptions of journal articlesshould state the date of publication, volume and issue of the journal, and page numbers.
• The last page number should specify only the range that changes, e.g. 482–6 (instead of 482–486) or 359–63 (instead of 359–363).
• References should include DOIs or EDNs.
• The authors should not use PMC/Medline identifiers.

Formatting examples for references

Articles:

Moiseev SV, Kuz’mina NE, Severinova EYu, et al. NMR spectroscopy study of the effect of the molecular mass of hypromellose phthalate on its solubility. Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation. 2023;13(3):385–93 (In Russ.).

https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2023-541

Pecoraro C, Fioretti T, Perruno A, et al. De novo large deletions in the PHEX gene caused X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets in two Italian female infants successfully treated with burosumab. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(15):2552.

https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13152552

Vetter V, Denizer G, Friedland LR, et al. Understanding modern-day vaccines: what you need to know. Ann Med. 2018;50(2):110–120.

https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2017.1407035

Katsura C, Ogunmwonyi I, Kankam HK, Saha S. Breast cancer: presentation, investigation and management. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2022;83(2):1–7.

https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2021.0459

Preprints:

The journal allows citing preprints. Citing a preprint is similar to citing a an article, but the authors should state the date the preprint was posted on the preprint server and note in square brackets that they are citing a preprint. At the stage of galley proof approval, the authors should check on the preprint server whether the article based on the preprint has been published and update the citation accordingly.

Heitmann S, Vandenberg JI, Hill AP. Assessing drug safety by identifying the axis of arrhythmia in cardiomyocyte electrophysiology [Preprint]. Posted 19.04.2023. bioRxiv. 537441.

https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.19.537441

Monographs:

Johnson G, Hill-Smith I, Bakhai C, eds. The minor illness manual. 6th ed. New York: CRC Press; 2024.

Chapters of a monograph or a collected book:

Maslova OV, Sen’ko OV, Stepanov NA, Efremenko EN. Biocatalytic synthesis of organic acids and plastics based on them. In: Varfolomeev SD, ed. Chemistry of biomass: biofuels and bioplastic. Moscow: Nauchny mir; 2017. P. 621–51 (In Russ.).

Indication of the name of the editor or compiler:

Merkulov VA, ed. Guidelines for the biomedical examination of biomedical cell products. Moscow: Melga; 2023 (In Russ.).

Scientific conference materials:

Scientific research in medicine and pharmacology. Conference proceedings of the international scientific-practical conference. Saratov; 2018 (In Russ.).

28th European meeting on hypertension and cardiovascular protection. Barcelona; 2018.

Patents:

Kornilova OG, Krivykh MA, Voropaev AA, Khusnatdinova приEA. Standard sample of the content of the prekallikrein activator in human blood products. Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2756159; 2021 (In Russ.). EDN: WSWQGN

VIII. Footnotes

• References to non-indexed sources (summaries of theses¹, theses², educational and instructional materials³, laws and regulations⁴ (including pharmacopoeial monographs⁵), state standards (GOSTs)⁶, guidelines and recommendations⁷, information from websites⁸, statistical documentation⁹, scientific and technical documentation (including research and development reports¹⁰) should be made as footnotes.
• Such references should be made using the MS Word tool “References” → “Insert Footnote” (Arabic numerals).
• For laws and regulations¹¹, as well as for guidelines and recommendations¹², the footnote should include the name of the document and its bibliographic description.
• References to regulatory documents should include up-to-date information.
• In addition to references to non-indexed sources, footnotes may also include the authors’ comments on some parts of the text.
• Footnotes should be provided in the original language of the source and should not be translated.
• If a manuscript contains the full official name of a document, information database, or another source, which allows for unambiguous identification of the source (for example, “the article analyses the provisions of Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 61-FZ On Circulation of Medicinesof April 12, 2010), the authors need not include information about this source in footnotes, because the information provided in the text is sufficient.
• For materials posted on the Internet and having no official bibliographic description, the footnotes should include the URL the page where the document is located¹³. If the name of an official web site (of an organisation, database, register, etc.) is given in the text, the footnote may include only its URL (e.g. “according to the State Register of Medicinal Products”¹⁴).
• If the bibliographic description, including the document number, allows for unambiguous identification of a document, the web address of the document should not be included¹⁵.
• Footnotes are numbered sequentially; each footnote has its own unique number. When a source is mentioned again in the text, it is assigned a new sequential number. In other words, one and the same source may appear in footnotes as many times as needed, and be assigned different numbers (e.g. 1, 6, and 8).
• If the information in a footnote repeats the information in the previous footnote, the authors may replace the full name of the source with "Ibid". Example: the text cites a source¹⁶, and the next reference is to the same source (the full name of the source need not be repeated)¹⁷. In other cases, the authors should give the full name of the source again.
• One footnote may include references to several sources¹⁸.

Examples:

 ¹ Доренская АВ. Применение метода электрочувствительных зон в фармацевтическом анализе: автореф. дис. … канд. фарм. наук.  М.; 2015.

   ² Сабгайда ТП. Паразитарная система P. vivax: информационно-математическое моделирование как основа анализа и управления ее функционированием: дис. … д-ра мед. наук. М.; 2002. 

   ³ Медуницын НВ, Покровский ВИ. Основы иммунопрофилактики и иммунотерапии инфекционных болезней. Учебное пособие. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2005.

   ⁴ Приказ Минздрава России от 21.03.2014 № 125н «Об утверждении национального календаря профилактических прививок и календаря профилактических прививок по эпидемическим показаниям».

   ⁵ Фармакопейная статья 3.3.1.0013.15 Вакцина дизентерийная против шигелл Зонне полисахаридная. Государственная фармакопея Российской Федерации. XIII изд. Т. 3; 2015.

   Gelatin. United State Pharmacopeia. USP43–NF38; 2020.

   I-1160 Gelatin. British Pharmacopoeia. Vol. 1; 2022.

   04/2021:0330 Gelatin. European Pharmacopoeia. 11th ed.; 2021.

   Gelatin for capsules. Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples’ Republic of China. Vol. IV; 2020.

   Gelatin. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Ed. IX; 2022.

   Gelatin. Japanese Pharmacopoeia. 18th ed. English version; 2021

   ⁶ ГОСТ Р 56701-2015. Лекарственные средства для медицинского применения. Руководство по планированию доклинических исследований безопасности с целью последующего проведения клинических исследований и регистрации лекарственных средств.

   ⁷ Руководство по проведению доклинических исследований лекарственных средств. Ч. 1. М: Гриф и К; 2012.

    Guideline on human cell-based medicinal products (CPMP/BWP/410869/2006). EMA; 2008.

    Guideline on process validation for finished products – information and data to be provided in regulatory submissions (EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012-Rev1,Corr.1). EMA; 2016.

   ⁸ Efficacy and tolerance of naked DNA vaccine in patients with chronic B hepatitis (VAC-ADN). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00536627

   ⁹ О состоянии здоровья населения Республики Коми в 2009 году: государственный доклад. 2009. http://www.minzdrav.rkomi.ru/left/doc/docminzdr

   ¹⁰ Разработка нового метода диагностики вирусных заболеваний на ранних стадиях. Отчет о НИР (промежуточный). ФБУН ГНЦ ВБ «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора, рук. Нетесова Н.А., исполн.: Евдокимов А.А. и др. М.; 2017. 24 с. № ГР НИР АААА-А16-116040810107-1. Деп. в ЦИТИС 28.02.2017, № ИКРБС АААА-Б17-217022820201-7.

   ¹¹ Общая фармакопейная статья 1.1.0019.15 Упаковка, маркировка и транспортирование лекарственного растительного сырья и лекарственных растительных препаратов. Государственная фармакопея Российской Федерации. XIV изд. Т. 1; 2018.

   ¹² Руководство по экспертизе лекарственных средств. Т. 1. М.: Гриф и К; 2013.

   ¹³ Гепатит С. Всемирная организация здравоохранения. http://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c

   ¹⁴ https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru

   ¹⁵ EMA review of Zinbryta confirms medicine's risks outweigh its benefits (EMA/286850/2018). ЕМА; 2018.

   ¹⁶ Руководство по экспертизе лекарственных средств. Т. 1. М.: Гриф и К; 2013.

   ¹⁷ Там же.

   ¹⁸ ICH Q8(R2) Pharmaceutical Development, 2009.

     ICH Q9 Quality risk management, 2005.

     ICH Q10 Pharmaceutical Quality System, 2009.

     ICH Q11 Development and manufacture of drug Substances (Chemical Entities and Biotechnological/Biological Entities), 2012.

     ICH M4 Organization of the Common Technical Document for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, 2016.

     Государственная фармакопея Российской Федерации. XIV изд. Т. 2; 2018.

     Тест «Растворение» в разработке и регистрации лекарственных средств. Научно-практическое руководство для фармацевтической отрасли. М.: Перо; 2015.

IX. Additional information

The following statements are required for any type of article:

• Funding
• Potential conflicts of interest
• Author contributions
• About the authors

The following sections may also be present if relevant:

• Ethical statement
• Informed consent for publication
• Acknowledgments
• Data access statement

Funding. If a grant has been awarded, it is important to specify the official name of the awarding organisation and include the grant number.

Example:

Funding. The study reported in this publication is the result of publicly funded research project No. 056-00026-24-00 and was supported by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (R&D reporting No. 124022200103-5).

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest

This section should disclose any potential or actual conflicts of interest the authors may have. Any affiliations, financial relationships, financial or industry interests in the manuscript in whole or in part, including employment and other commitments, that could lead to deliberate concealment, misrepresentation, or misinterpretation of data are considered conflicts of interest and should be clearly declared as such. Nevertheless, conflicts of interest do not preclude publication.

The journal requires disclosing potential conflicts of interest using the standard 13-item ICMJE Disclosure Form for Potential Conflicts of Interest. Based on the completed forms, the authors should generate the final disclosure statement. 

If none of the authors have a potential conflict of interest, they should still include a statement to that effect.

Example:

Disclosure. Natalia I. Ilina is the Vice-President of the Russian Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (RAACI). Igor B. Zabolotskikh, Konstantin M. Lebedinsky, and Efim M. Shifman are the First Vice-President, the President, and the Vice-President of the All-Russian Public Organisation "Federation of Anaesthesiologists and Reanimatologists". The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authorship and authors’ contributions. The journal adheres to the criteria for authorship outlined by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). The authors are individuals who fulfil all 4 of the following criteria:

• substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND
• drafting the work and/or revising it critically for important content; AND
• final approval of the version to be published; AND
• agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

The journal encourages the authors to acknowledge contributors who played any other role in the preparation of the article than those outlined by the ICMJE.

The authors may also specify their own contribution role and use any particular international system for this (e.g. CRediT Contributor Roles Taxonomy). The corresponding author is responsible for the co-operation between all authors on contribution details.

Examples:

Authors’ contributions. All the authors confirm that they meet the ICMJE criteria for authorship. Moreover, Petr P. Petrov performed additional statistical processing and visualisation of the obtained results.

Authors’ contributions. All the authors confirm that they meet the ICMJE criteria for authorship. The most significant contributions were as follows. Elena I. Ivanova conceptualised the study, developed the research methodology, and worked with the software. Petr P. Petrov curated the data and drafted the manuscript. Ivan P. Sidorov worked on the visualisation and conducted the study. Oksana P. Fedorova supervised the study. Igor I. Timonov provided the software and validated the data. Olga I. Egorova edited the manuscript.

About authors 

This section should include the authors’ full names, academic degrees, titles, and ORCIDs (as http://orcid.org/0000-0000h0000) or other IDs in scientometric databases.

The journal prohibits including personal information (e.g. a personal email) in this section.

In English, the authors’ names should be as follows: first name, middle initial, and last name (Ivan I. Ivanov).

Ethics approval

The full name of the ethics committee and details of the approval document (number and date) should be given for interventional studies. Please omit this section in articles on other studies.

Examples:

Ethics approval. The present study protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (reference number: 20181009).

Ethics approval. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona: HCB/2017/0856.

Ethics approval. The research protocol was approved by the local ethics committee of the Ghent University Hospital (joint Ghent–Antwerp. protocol 2012_593), the local ethical board for human experimentation of the Policlinico di Bari (2770-27/2/19), the protocols of the Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital in Rome (1770/2019), and the ethical committee of the UMC Utrecht (protocol 16-349). Approval for the use of ‘blood products unsuitable for transfusion’ was obtained from the Red Cross (CG20161219B).

Consent for publication

This section is included only when it is applicable or when the article is a case report.

If a clinical observation article does not require consent, this section should state “Not required”.

The section and consent for publication are required if the manuscript contains data that provide for patient identification (e.g. medical history and photographs).

Only in exceptional cases where no legal representatives can be found and the case is essential to medical practice, it may be published without consent, but the authors should clearly explain the lack of consent and indicate that every effort has been made to obtain it.

A patient’s consent usually states that personal data will be anonymised, which should be done in the manuscript (e.g. by partly closing the patient’s face).

It is not necessary to provide consent forms to the journal.

You may find the recommended consent form here.

Example:

Consent to publication. The authors obtained written consent from the patient’s legal representatives for the analysis and publication of medical data and photographs. 

Acknowledgements

The authors may acknowledge individuals who contributed to the work but can not be considered authors according to the ICMJE criteria.

The authors may also acknowledge organisations that supported them (e.g. by providing premises, materials, reagents, animals for the study, access to patients, etc.).

It is important to specify names, companies, and organisations and refrain from acknowledging irrelevant and unspecific contributions (e.g. expressing gratitude to some anonymous journal reviewers).

It is important to include the exact name of the organisation (and the country).

When mentioning someone in acknowledgements, the authors should ask for permission to mention them. The authors will deal with all claims against the journal from third parties regarding unlawful mentions by the authors.

Example:

Acknowledgements. The authors would like to express their gratitude to Tablets Rus for providing reagents for gastroscopy. The authors would like to thank Associate Professor Victor G. Sidorov and Junior Researcher Pavel V. Petrov (Kuban State Medical University, Russia) for histological analysis and for statistical analysis of data, respectively. The authors would like to acknowledge Prof. Uliana K. Ivanova (Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Filippov Moscow State University, Russia) for critical comments on the final version of the manuscript.

Data access statement

The journal does not require, but encourages, the authors to include this section in their manuscripts, in accordance with its Research Data Sharing and Reproducibility policy.

The journal recommends using the following template for making a statement about providing access to source data.

X. Manuscript submission and interaction with the journal

To submit a manuscript, the authors need to register on the journal’s website (https://www.biopreparations.ru), fill out the online form, and upload the article to the Start Submission section.

Each manuscript should be accompanied by the following files:

1) scanned copy of the referral from the institution where the work was done (cover letter on the corporate letterhead signed by all the authors). If they are from several organisations, the authors should attach referrals from all the organisations

2) scanned copy (as one file) of the ICMJE forms on potential conflicts of interest completed by all the authors

3) completed form indicating the manuscript’s compliance with the checklist for authors, signed by the corresponding author

4) additional documents and supplements to the manuscript (e.g. illustrations, original research data and algorithms, proof of permission to publish borrowed figures if required, etc.)

All submissions should be uploaded online via the electronic editorial office in the formats described above.

The journal does not require copies of the following:

• ethics committee decisions
• patient consents for publication
• permissions to mention contributors in the Acknowledgements section.

Only original cover letters should be mailed to the Editorial Board at 8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russia (127051, Москва, Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2), attn: O.F. Fedotova, Managing Editor.

Communication between the journal and the author

• The editorial staff communicates with the authors via the corresponding author.
• The process a manuscript goes through in the electronic editorial office is presented in the Editorial and Publishing Process flowchart.
• All submitted manuscripts undergo preliminary evaluation for compliance with the Author Guidelines (including the requirements for passing a plagiarism check). If a manuscript does not fulfil the requirements, it may be returned to the authors for correction. At this stage, a manuscript may also be rejected if it is not in line with the aims and scope of the journal or lacks originality. The decision on rejection of a manuscript is made by the executive secretary of the journal.  
• After checking for compliance, the editors send the manuscript for peer review.
• In disputable cases, the editorial staff may ask several additional experts to review the manuscript.
• Copies of the reviews are sent to the authors for their information.
• Having received two positive reviews, the manuscript is sent to its editor who will prepare it for publication.
• If the reviewers and/or editors raise any issues, the authors have to make all the necessary corrections within 14 days. If the authors fail to submit the corrected manuscript within this period, the publication date will be postponed. If the authors do not submit the corrected version within 1 month, the editorial staff have the right to withdraw the article from publication, of which the authors will be duly notified. In this case, the authors may submit the manuscript to the journal again, and it will again undergo the full procedure of preparation for publication.
• The final decision on publication of the manuscript or on its rejection is made by the Editorial Board.
• If the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors will be sent the final version of the article (galley proofs) for approval. The authors have to reply within 2 days. If the authors do not reply, the article is considered approved.
• You may find information on manuscript rejection rates and the average turnaround from submission to publication in the Main Info about Journal section.

Revision of the editors’/reviewers’ decisions

If the authors do not agree with the conclusions or some remarks of the reviewers and/or the editorial staff, the authors may challenge the decisions. To do this, the authors will have to provide written arguments for each remark and send a letter to the editorial staff. The decision on this request is considered at the next meeting of the editorial board (4 times a year). Its decision is final and cannot be appealed further.

Actions taken by the editorial staff upon discovery of plagiarism, data manipulation, or falsification

In case the editorial staff discover any research misconduct on the part of the authors, including plagiarism and data manipulation or falsification, the journal adheres to the principles of COPE.

The Journal understands “misconduct” as any actions of researchers, including mistreatment of test objects, or intentional manipulation of research data so that these data no longer reflect the observations, as well as any actions of the researchers that do not comply with ethical and scientific norms.

The Journal does not regard the following as research misconduct: honest mistakes; unintentional discrepancies in the planning, conduction, interpretation, or assessment of research methods or results; or misconduct not affecting the research.

If plagiarism, data manipulation, or falsification are discovered at any stage of article preparation, the Editorial Board will consider rejection of the manuscript.

Correction of mistakes and article retraction after publication

If an article is found to contain mistakes that affect perception but do not confound the research results, these mistakes may be corrected by replacing the pdf version of the article (with a statement about the mistakes in the pdf file and on the journal’s web page).

If there are mistakes that confound the research results or plagiarism/research misconduct related to data manipulation or falsification, the article may be retracted. The retraction may be initiated by the journal, an author, an organisation, or a private individual.

The retracted article is labelled RETRACTED, and the reason for retraction is stated on the article’s page. Indexing databases are notified of retraction.

For more information on the peer review process, possible author changes, ethical oversight, complaints, appeals, and post-publication corrections, please see the relevant sections on the journal’s Policies page.

XI. Recommended resources for manuscript preparation

Template for original papers

Template for reviews

Template for case reports

Checklist for manuscript compliance with the journal guidelines

Recommendations for reporting animal studies

Recommendations of the journal on the design of original and borrowed figures

Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (Updated January 2025)

Leaflet on creating and adminestering on ORCID profile

Memo for authors (how to respond to reviewers)

Section revision date: 17.04.2025

Copyright Notice

Copyright Notice

Authors who have their articles published in this journal agree to the following terms:

1. The authors retain copyright for their work and grant the journal with the right of first publication under Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to pass on the work provided they include references to the authors and the original publication.
2. The authors may post preprints, postprints and research data of their articles in any institutional or public repositories in line with the journal’s Preprint and Postprint Deposition

Privacy Statement

Any personal information collected while registering will be used solely for technical purposes for preparing the article for publication. Private data will not be shared with other individuals or organizations.