Перспективные направления разработки вакцинных препаратов для профилактики шигеллеза

Шигеллез (бактериальная дизентерия) — острое инфекционное заболевание, вызываемое возбудителями Shigellа spp. семейства Enterobacteriaceae, характеризуется наибольшим показателем смертности населения от бактериальных кишечных инфекций. Значительная доля случаев заболевания приходится на детей в возрасте до 5 лет. В 2017 г. штаммы Shigellа spp. были включены в опубликованный ВОЗ список устойчивых к действию большинства антибиотиков «приоритетных патогенов», представляющих угрозу мировому здравоохранению, что послужило стимулом к разработке новых противомикробных препаратов для терапии шигеллезов. Наряду с созданием антимикробных средств против Shigellа spp. важную роль в борьбе с шигеллезами играет комплекс превентивных мер, изложенный в программе иммунизации ВОЗ 2030, в который, помимо санитарии, гигиены и потребления чистой воды, входит вакцинация. Разработка вакцины против шигеллеза остается одним из приоритетных направлений программы ВОЗ уже более 20 лет. Цель работы — анализ перспективных направлений разработки вакцинных препаратов против шигеллеза. Проведенный анализ данных литературы показал, что в настоящее время на мировом рынке зарегистрирована только одна вакцина против шигеллеза — российская вакцина Шигеллвак, полисахаридная дизентерийная вакцина против шигелл Зонне. Рассмотрен ряд вакцинных препаратов (цельноклеточные, полисахаридные конъюгированные и неконъюгированные, препараты на основе белковых антигенов и др.), находящихся на различных этапах клинических испытаний. Отмечено, что важным направлением является создание комбинированных мультивалентных препаратов против инфекций, вызываемых Shigellа spp. и другими кишечными патогенами. Сделан вывод о том, что наиболее перспективными являются разработки субъединичных вакцин на основе Ipa-белков, обеспечивающих перекрестную защиту против Shigellа spp., а также конъюгированных поливалентных вакцин, предназначенных для детей в возрасте до 5 лет.

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