Administration of the mRNA-H5 vaccine to ferrets via jet injection provides protective immunity against the H5N1 influenza virus

INTRODUCTION. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5Nx is rapidly evolving and infecting various species of wild and domestic mammals, including cattle, highlighting its pandemic potential for humans. To combat the pandemic threat, it is essential to develop suitable vaccine platforms, including mRNA vaccines, the efficacy of which largely depends on the delivery system. This study evaluates the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the mRNA-H5 vaccine, delivered via lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and jet injection (JI).

AIM. The aim of the study was to evaluate the immunogenic and protective properties of the experimental mRNA-H5 vaccine in a ferret model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ferrets were immunized twice with the mRNA-H5 vaccine at a dose of 30 μg formulated with LNPs and at a dose of 100 μg administered by JI. Sera from immunized ferrets were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against the recombinant HA/H5 protein, an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay using a pool of specific peptides, and a virus neutralization assay in MDCK-SIAT1 cell culture using the influenza virus strain A/turkey/Stavropol/320-01/2020 (H5N8). Immunized ferrets were intranasally challenged with 5 LD₅₀ of the influenza virus strain A/dalmatian pelican/Kalmykia/ 330-10V/2023 (H5N1), and their status was recorded for 14 days after challenge.

RESULTS. Using ELISA, it was established that specific antibody titers were determined in groups of animals immunized with the mRNA-H5 vaccine administered by JI or formulated with LNPs; the average titers in the groups were 1:180,000 and 1:4,000,000, respectively. Using the virus neutralization assay, sera from animals immunized with the mRNA-H5 vaccine administered by JI or formulated with LNPs had virus-neutralizing activity; the average 50% neutralizing titers were 1:250 and 1:1500, respectively. The ELISpot assay showed that in groups of ferrets immunized with the mRNA-H5 vaccine, specific cellular immunity was induced. Immunization with the mRNA-H5 vaccine provided 100% protection against mortality in ferrets challenged with 5 LD₅₀ of the influenza virus strain A/dalmatian pelican/Kalmykia/330-10V/2023 (H5N1).

CONCLUSIONS. This study demonstrated the effective induction of virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in ferrets immunized with the mRNA-H5 vaccine administered by JI or formulated with LNPs.

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