Применение биомедицинских клеточных продуктов для лечения онкологических заболеваний

В настоящее время онкологические заболевания продолжают оставаться одной из причин смертности населения. Стандартные методы терапии, включая лучевую и химиотерапию, имеют ограниченную эффективность. В связи с этим разработка принципиально новых методов терапии онкологических заболеваний является актуальной задачей. Перспективным и многообещающим подходом считается лечение онкологии с помощью биомедицинских клеточных продуктов (БМКП), к которым можно отнести адоптивную клеточную терапию и терапию вакцинами на основе дендритных клеток. Цель работы — обзор современных представлений о принципах терапии, а также имеющегося клинического опыта применения клеточных продуктов для лечения онкологических заболеваний. В работе представлены данные клинического применения опухоль-инфильтрирующих лимфоцитов (TIL-терапия), генетически модифицированных T-клеток, экспрессирующих специфичные к опухолевым антигенам рецепторы (TCR/CAR-T-терапия), а также дендритно-клеточных вакцин. Применение ex vivo модифицированных клеток иммунной системы человека является новым подходом и имеет большие перспективы для лечения онкологических заболеваний. Представленные основные направления адоптивной клеточной терапии, базирующиеся на использовании генетически модифицированных Т-лимфоцитов, имеют различные преимущества и недостатки. В работе рассмотрены способы получения БМКП, приведены данные по эффективности применения адоптивной клеточной терапии и вакцин на основе дендритных клеток. Отдельное внимание уделено проблемам, связанным с безопасностью каждого метода терапии, а также другим факторам, ограничивающим применение данных терапевтических подходов в клинической практике. Ожидается, что дальнейшие исследования будут направлены на повышение эффективности и снижение побочных реакций при терапии БМКП.

биомедицинские клеточные продукты, клеточная терапия, онкологические заболевания, адоптивная клеточная терапия, дендритные клетки, модифицированные Т-клетки, химерный антигенный рецептор, дендритно-клеточная вакцина

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