Редактирование генома и биомедицинские клеточные продукты: современное состояние, безопасность и эффективность

Успехи в технологиях ex vivo редактирования генома человека позволили разработать новые подходы в лечении генетических, экологических, инфекционных и других заболеваний, в том числе с использованием биомедицинских клеточных продуктов. Но, несмотря на быстрое развитие данных технологий и большое количество проводимых клинических исследований во многих странах мира, только 4 препарата (Strimvelis, Zalmoxis, Kymriah и Yescarta), содержащие ex vivo генно-модифицированные клетки человека, разрешены к применению в странах Европейского союза и США. В данной работе рассмотрены три перспективные технологии (ZFN, TALEN и CRISPR), позволяющие легко и эффективно проводить редактирование генома в необходимых сайтах, тем самым создавая платформу для дальнейшего развития генной инженерии клеток человека. Описана технология получения химерных антигенных рецепторов (CAR). Также приведены сведения об эффективности и безопасности одобренных препаратов: Strimvelis, содержащего аутологичные CD34+-клетки, ex vivo трансдуцированные ретровирусным вектором с геном аденозиндезаминазы, Zalmoxis, содержащего модифицированные аллогенные Т-клетки, а также двух препаратов Kymriah и Yescarta, содержащих аутологичные T-клетки с химерными антигенными рецепторами к антигену CD19, предназначенных для лечения CD19+ гематологических злокачественных новообразований.

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