<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">biopreparat</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2221-996X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1156</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2221-996X-2026-26-3-299-310</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">biopreparat-816</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМА НОМЕРА: мРНК-ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В БИОМЕДИЦИНЕ: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И РЕГУЛЯТОРНАЯ ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUE TOPIC: mRNA TECHNOLOGIES IN BIOMEDICINE: CURRENT ADVANCES AND REGULATORY PRACTICE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Структурная и функциональная стабильность лиофилизированной неинкапсулированной мРНК, синтезированной in vitro, при длительном хранении</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Structural and functional stability of lyophilized nonencapsulated mRNA synthesized in vitro during long-term storage</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0664-3587</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарабрин</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharabrin</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шарабрин Сергей Валерьевич - канд. биол. наук.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei V. Sharabrin - Cand. Sci. (Biol.).</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sharabrin.sv@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1538-5195</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красникова</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnikova</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Красникова Светлана Игоревна.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana I. Krasnikova.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">krasnikova_si@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4889-6865</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кисаков</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kisakov</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кисаков Денис Николаевич - канд. биол. наук.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis N. Kisakov - Cand. Sci. (Biol.).</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kisakov_dn@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7214-1855</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кисакова</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kisakova</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кисакова Любовь Александровна.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyubov A. Kisakova.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">orlova_la@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-9524</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старостина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Starostina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Старостина Екатерина Владимировна - канд. биол. наук.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Starostina - Cand. Sci. (Biol.).</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">starostina_ev@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0768-1561</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боргоякова</surname><given-names>М. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borgoyakova</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Боргоякова Мария Борисовна - канд. биол. наук.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mariya B. Borgoyakova - Cand. Sci. (Biol.).</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">borgoyakova_mb@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6524-3222</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвинова</surname><given-names>В. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinova</surname><given-names>V. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Литвинова Виктория Руслановна.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Victoria R. Litvinova.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">viktoriya_litvinova_1999@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4563-2099</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлев</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovlev</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яковлев Владимир Андреевич.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir A. Yakovlev.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yakovlev_va@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5203-2130</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovleva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яковлева Елена Витальевна.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Yakovleva.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tigeeva_ev@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3191-1360</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>К. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>K. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванова Ксения Ивановна.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ksenia I. Ivanova.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ivanova_ki@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-0487</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бондарь</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bondar</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бондарь Александр Анатольевич - канд. хим. наук.</p><p>проспект Академика Лаврентьева, д. 8, г. Новосибирск, 630090</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Bondar - Cand. Sci. (Chem.).</p><p>8 Academician Lavrentyev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alex.bondar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2309-0137</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>К. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>K. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макарова Кристина Петровна.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kristina P. Makarova.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makarova_kp@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0706-8119</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вахитов</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vahitov</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вахитов Данил Игоревич.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Danil I. Vahitov.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vahitov_di@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5028-5647</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волосникова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volosnikova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волосникова Екатерина Александровна - канд. биол. наук.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Volosnikova - Cand. Sci. (Biol.).</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kulenok84@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2808-4309</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудомётов</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudometov</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рудомётов Андрей Павлович - канд. биол. наук.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey P. Rudometov - Cand. Sci. (Biol.).</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rudometov_ap@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5356-0843</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильичёв</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilyichev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ильичёв Александр Алексеевич - д-р биол. наук, проф.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Ilyichev - Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Prof.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilyichev@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4365-8809</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпенко</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpenko</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карпенко Лариса Ивановна - д-р биол. наук, доцент.</p><p>р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область, 630559</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Larisa I. Karpenko - Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Assoc. Prof.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karpenko@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение науки «Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины им. Д.Г. Кнорре Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>299</fpage><lpage>310</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шарабрин С.В., Красникова С.И., Кисаков Д.Н., Кисакова Л.А., Старостина Е.В., Боргоякова М.Б., Литвинова В.Р., Яковлев В.А., Яковлева Е.В., Иванова К.И., Бондарь А.А., Макарова К.П., Вахитов Д.И., Волосникова Е.А., Рудомётов А.П., Ильичёв А.А., Карпенко Л.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шарабрин С.В., Красникова С.И., Кисаков Д.Н., Кисакова Л.А., Старостина Е.В., Боргоякова М.Б., Литвинова В.Р., Яковлев В.А., Яковлева Е.В., Иванова К.И., Бондарь А.А., Макарова К.П., Вахитов Д.И., Волосникова Е.А., Рудомётов А.П., Ильичёв А.А., Карпенко Л.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sharabrin S.V., Krasnikova S.I., Kisakov D.N., Kisakova L.A., Starostina E.V., Borgoyakova M.B., Litvinova V.R., Yakovlev V.A., Yakovleva E.V., Ivanova K.I., Bondar A.A., Makarova K.P., Vahitov D.I., Volosnikova E.A., Rudometov A.P., Ilyichev A.A., Karpenko L.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/816">https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/816</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Низкая физико-химическая стабильность мРНК и зависимость современных мРНК-вакцин от успешности инкапсуляции в липидные наночастицы и соблюдения обязательных условий холодовой цепи ограничивают их хранение и транспортировку. Перспективным подходом является лиофилизация неинкапсулированной мРНК с последующей доставкой методом струйной инжекции. Однако сохранение ее структуры и функциональной активности при длительном хранении изучено недостаточно.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Оценка структурной и функциональной стабильности лиофилизированной неинкапсулированной мРНК при длительном хранении и ее иммуногенности в составе трехвалентной мРНК-вакцины против сезонного гриппа, вводимой мышам методом струйной инжекции.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. мРНК-GFP (мРНК, кодирующую зеленый флуоресцентный белок (GFP)) лиофилизировали с различными криопротекторами и хранили при −20, 4 и 20 °C. Функциональную активность определяли после трансфекции клеток HEK293 по экспрессии GFP, целостность мРНК — методом микрочипового электрофореза. Иммуногенность лиофилизированной и нелиофилизированной вакцины «мРНК-Вектор-Флю» оценивали на самках инбредных мышей BALB/c после двукратной струйной иммунизации методами ИФА (иммуноферментный анализ), РТГА (реакция торможения гемагглютинации), вирус-нейтрализации и IFN-γ ELISpot (метод иммуноферментных пятен для выявления клеток, секретирующих интерферон-γ).</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. По результатам предварительного скрининга для дальнейших исследований была выбрана композиция с 10% трегалозы, обеспечивавшая сохранение функциональной активности мРНК-GFP на уровне, наиболее близком к контрольному препарату. Лиофилизированная мРНК-GFP сохраняла функциональную активность после 12 мес. хранения при всех исследованных температурах; статистически значимых различий с мРНК, синтезированной непосредственно перед применением, не выявлено (p&gt;0,05). Основная фракция мРНК сохранялась, хотя после 6–12 мес., особенно при 20 °C, выявлялись минорные фракции частично деградированной мРНК. После 3 мес. хранения вакцины при 4 °C средние геометрические титры антител к гемагглютининам вирусов гриппа H1, H3 и HB составили 1:382 000, 1:628 000 и 1:273 000 против 1:710 000, 1:628 000 и 1:328 000 в группе нелиофилизированной вакцины. Титры в РТГА составляли 1:37–1:80, вируснейтрализующих антител — 1:50–1:90; число IFN-γ-секретирующих клеток — 440 и 500 SFC (пятнообразующих клеток) на 1×106 спленоцитов. Значимых межгрупповых различий не выявлено.</p></sec><sec><title>ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ВЫВОДЫ. Лиофилизация с 10% трегалозы обеспечивала сохранение функциональной активности неинкапсулированной мРНК в течение 12 мес., несмотря на признаки частичной деградации при 20 °C. После 3 мес. хранения при 4 °C трехвалентная вакцина сохраняла способность индуцировать гуморальный и Т-клеточный иммунный ответ у мышей. Полученные данные подтверждают перспективность сочетания лиофилизации и струйной инжекции для разработки стабильных мРНК-вакцин.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. The low physicochemical stability of mRNA and the dependence of current mRNA vaccines on the successful encapsulation into lipid nanoparticles and adherence to mandatory cold chain requirements limit their storage and transportation. A promising approach is the lyophilization of nonencapsulated mRNA with its subsequent delivery by jet injection. However, the preservation of its structure and functional activity during long-term storage has been insufficiently studied.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. To evaluate the structural and functional stability of lyophilized nonencapsulated mRNA during long-term storage and its immunogenicity as a component of a trivalent mRNA vaccine against seasonal influenza administered to mice by jet injection.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. mRNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was lyophilized with various cryoprotectants and stored at −20, 4, and 20 °C. Its functional activity was determined by GFP expression after transfection of HEK293 cells, and its integrity was analyzed by microchip electrophoresis. The immunogenicity of the lyophilized and nonlyophilized mRNA-Vector-Flu vaccine was evaluated in female inbred BALB/c mice after two jet immunizations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay, virus neutralization assay, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. Based on the results of a preliminary screening, a 10% trehalose formulation was selected for further studies because it preserved the functional activity of GFP mRNA at the level closest to that of the control preparation. The lyophilized GFP mRNA retained its functional activity after 12 months of storage at all tested temperatures; no statistically significant differences were found compared with the mRNA synthesized immediately before use (p&gt;0.05). The major mRNA fraction was preserved, although minor fractions of partially degraded mRNA were detected after 6–12 months, particularly at 20 °C. After 3 months of storage of the vaccine at 4 °C, the geometric mean antibody titers against hemagglutinin subtype 1 (H1), hemagglutinin subtype 3 (H3), and influenza B hemagglutinin (HB) were 1:382,000, 1:628,000, and 1:273,000, respectively, compared with 1:710,000, 1:628,000, and 1:328,000 in the nonlyophilized vaccine group. HAI titers were 1:37–1:80, virus-neutralizing antibody titers were 1:50–1:90; and the numbers of IFN-γ-secreting cells were 440 and 500 spot-forming cells (SFC) per 1×106 splenocytes. No significant between-group differences were identified.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. Lyophilization with 10% trehalose preserved the functional activity of nonencapsulated mRNA for 12 months despite signs of partial degradation at 20 °C. After 3 months of storage at 4 °C, the trivalent vaccine retained its ability to induce humoral and T-cell immune responses in mice. These findings support the potential of combining lyophilization and jet injection for the development of stable mRNA vaccines.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мРНК-вакцины</kwd><kwd>лиофилизация</kwd><kwd>вирус гриппа человека</kwd><kwd>струйная инжекция</kwd><kwd>иммуногенность</kwd><kwd>ИФА</kwd><kwd>вируснейтрализация</kwd><kwd>трегалоза</kwd><kwd>мыши</kwd><kwd>липидные наночастицы</kwd><kwd>микрочиповой электрофорез</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mRNA vaccines</kwd><kwd>lyophilization</kwd><kwd>human influenza virus</kwd><kwd>jet injection</kwd><kwd>immunogenicity</kwd><kwd>ELISA</kwd><kwd>virus neutralization</kwd><kwd>trehalose</kwd><kwd>mice</kwd><kwd>lipid nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>microchip electrophoresis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФБУН «Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted under the state assignment of the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D. mRNA vaccines — A new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2018;17(4):261–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.243</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D. mRNA vaccines — A new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2018;17(4):261–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.243</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaudhary N, Weissman D, Whitehead KA. mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(11):817–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00283-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaudhary N, Weissman D, Whitehead KA. mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(11):817–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00283-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chheda U, Pradeepan S, Esposito E, et al. Factors affecting stability of RNA — Temperature, length, concentration, pH, and buffering species. J Pharm Sci. 2024;113(2):377–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chheda U, Pradeepan S, Esposito E, et al. Factors affecting stability of RNA — Temperature, length, concentration, pH, and buffering species. J Pharm Sci. 2024;113(2):377–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hou X, Zaks T, Langer R, Dong Y. Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. Nat Rev Mater. 2021;6(12):1078–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00358-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hou X, Zaks T, Langer R, Dong Y. Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. Nat Rev Mater. 2021;6(12):1078–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00358-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crommelin DJA, Anchordoquy TJ, Volkin DB, et al. Addressing the cold reality of mRNA vaccine stability. J Pharm Sci. 2021;110(3):997–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crommelin DJA, Anchordoquy TJ, Volkin DB, et al. Addressing the cold reality of mRNA vaccine stability. J Pharm Sci. 2021;110(3):997–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oude Blenke E, Örnskov E, Schöneich C, et al. The storage and inuse stability of mRNA vaccines and therapeutics: Not a cold case. J Pharm Sci. 2023;112(2):386–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oude Blenke E, Örnskov E, Schöneich C, et al. The storage and inuse stability of mRNA vaccines and therapeutics: Not a cold case. J Pharm Sci. 2023;112(2):386–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Packer M, Gyawali D, Yerabolu R, et al. A novel mechanism for the loss of mRNA activity in lipid nanoparticle delivery systems. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):6777. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26926-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Packer M, Gyawali D, Yerabolu R, et al. A novel mechanism for the loss of mRNA activity in lipid nanoparticle delivery systems. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):6777. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26926-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang C, Tang X, Jiang C, et al. Intradermal delivery of SARS-CoV-2 RBD3-Fc mRNA vaccines via a needle-free injection system induces robust immune responses in rats. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1530736. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1530736</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang C, Tang X, Jiang C, et al. Intradermal delivery of SARS-CoV-2 RBD3-Fc mRNA vaccines via a needle-free injection system induces robust immune responses in rats. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1530736. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1530736</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbasi S, Matsui-Masai M, Yasui F, et al. Carrier-free mRNA vaccine induces robust immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and non-human primates without systemic reactogenicity. Mol Ther. 2024;32(5):1266–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.03.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbasi S, Matsui-Masai M, Yasui F, et al. Carrier-free mRNA vaccine induces robust immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and non-human primates without systemic reactogenicity. Mol Ther. 2024;32(5):1266–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.03.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kisakov DN, Karpenko LI, Kisakova LA, et al. Jet injection of naked mRNA encoding the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces a high level of a specific immune response in mice. Vaccines (Basel). 2025;13(1):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13010065</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kisakov DN, Karpenko LI, Kisakova LA, et al. Jet injection of naked mRNA encoding the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces a high level of a specific immune response in mice. Vaccines (Basel). 2025;13(1):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13010065</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharabrin SV, Ilyichev AA, Kisakov DN, et al. Needle-free jet-delivered mRNA-vaccine encoding influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutinin protects mice from lethal virus infection. Mol Biol. 2025;59(3):376–89. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026893325700062</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharabrin SV, Ilyichev AA, Kisakov DN, et al. Needle-free jet-delivered mRNA-vaccine encoding influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutinin protects mice from lethal virus infection. Mol Biol. 2025;59(3):376–89. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026893325700062</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yakovlev VA, Litvinova VR, Rudometova NB, et al. Immunogenic and protective properties of mRNA vaccine encoding hemagglutinin of avian influenza A/H5N8 virus, delivered by lipid nanoparticles and needle-free jet injection. Vaccines (Basel). 2025;13(8):883. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080883</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev VA, Litvinova VR, Rudometova NB, et al. Immunogenic and protective properties of mRNA vaccine encoding hemagglutinin of avian influenza A/H5N8 virus, delivered by lipid nanoparticles and needle-free jet injection. Vaccines (Basel). 2025;13(8):883. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080883</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muramatsu H, Lam K, Bajusz C, et al. Lyophilization provides long-term stability for a lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine. Mol Ther. 2022;30(5):1941–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muramatsu H, Lam K, Bajusz C, et al. Lyophilization provides long-term stability for a lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine. Mol Ther. 2022;30(5):1941–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suzuki Y, Miyazaki T, Muto H, et al. Design and lyophilization of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA vaccine and its robust immune response in mice and nonhuman primates. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2022;30:226–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2022.09.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suzuki Y, Miyazaki T, Muto H, et al. Design and lyophilization of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA vaccine and its robust immune response in mice and nonhuman primates. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2022;30:226–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2022.09.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan MFH, Baudin F, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Kamen AA. Freeze-drying of mRNA-LNPs vaccines: A review. Vaccines (Basel). 2025;13(8):853. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080853</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan MFH, Baudin F, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Kamen AA. Freeze-drying of mRNA-LNPs vaccines: A review. Vaccines (Basel). 2025;13(8):853. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080853</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arte KS, Chen M, Patil CD, et al. Recent advances in drying and development of solid formulations for stable mRNA and siRNA lipid nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci. 2025;114(2):805–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2024.12.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arte KS, Chen M, Patil CD, et al. Recent advances in drying and development of solid formulations for stable mRNA and siRNA lipid nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci. 2025;114(2):805–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2024.12.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharabrin SV, Krasnikova SI, Kisakov DN, et al. A naked lyophilized mRNA vaccine against seasonal influenza, administered by jet injection, provides a robust response in immunized mice. Vaccines (Basel). 2026;14(1):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14010056</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharabrin SV, Krasnikova SI, Kisakov DN, et al. A naked lyophilized mRNA vaccine against seasonal influenza, administered by jet injection, provides a robust response in immunized mice. Vaccines (Basel). 2026;14(1):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14010056</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gross FL, Bai Y, Jefferson S, et al. Measuring influenza neutralizing antibody responses to A(H3N2) viruses in human sera by microneutralization assays using MDCK-SIAT1 cells. J Vis Exp. 2017;(129):56448. https://doi.org/10.3791/56448</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gross FL, Bai Y, Jefferson S, et al. Measuring influenza neutralizing antibody responses to A(H3N2) viruses in human sera by microneutralization assays using MDCK-SIAT1 cells. J Vis Exp. 2017;(129):56448. https://doi.org/10.3791/56448</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gonzalez TJ, Boothby TC. Properties governing dry-state stability of RNA in amorphous sugar formulations. Commun Mater. 2025;6:129. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-025-00850-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonzalez TJ, Boothby TC. Properties governing dry-state stability of RNA in amorphous sugar formulations. Commun Mater. 2025;6:129. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-025-00850-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu XH, Song HP, Tao LL, et al. Trehalose-loaded LNPs enhance mRNA stability and bridge the in vitro–in vivo efficacy gap. npj Vaccines. 2025;10:201. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-025-01253-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu XH, Song HP, Tao LL, et al. Trehalose-loaded LNPs enhance mRNA stability and bridge the in vitro–in vivo efficacy gap. npj Vaccines. 2025;10:201. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-025-01253-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan MFH, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Kamen AA. Investigation on a freeze-drying process for long-term stability of mRNA-LNPs. Vaccines (Basel). 2026;14(3):242. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14030242</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan MFH, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Kamen AA. Investigation on a freeze-drying process for long-term stability of mRNA-LNPs. Vaccines (Basel). 2026;14(3):242. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14030242</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
