<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">biopreparat</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2221-996X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1156</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2221-996X-2026-26-3-247-261</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">biopreparat-796</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМА НОМЕРА: мРНК-ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В БИОМЕДИЦИНЕ: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И РЕГУЛЯТОРНАЯ ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUE TOPIC: mRNA TECHNOLOGIES IN BIOMEDICINE: CURRENT ADVANCES AND REGULATORY PRACTICE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Критерии применения платформенного подхода для мРНК-вакцин и генотерапевтических лекарственных препаратов в регуляторной практике</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Criteria for the application of the platform approach for mRNA vaccines and gene therapy products in regulatory practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2355-0879</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Покровский</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pokrovsky</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Покровский Никита Станиславович</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita S. Pokrovsky</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd., Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pokrovskyns@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-3545</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельникова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мельникова Екатерина Валерьевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Melnikova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd., Moscow 127051</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-973X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меркулов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Merkulov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Меркулов Вадим Анатольевич, д-р мед. наук, проф.</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051; Трубецкая ул., д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim A. Merkulov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof.</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd., Moscow 127051; 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский Университет) Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>247</fpage><lpage>261</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Покровский Н.С., Мельникова Е.В., Меркулов В.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Покровский Н.С., Мельникова Е.В., Меркулов В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pokrovsky N.S., Melnikova E.V., Merkulov V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/796">https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/796</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Платформенный подход, предполагающий использование неизменного производственного процесса и унифицированных методик контроля качества, признан ведущими регуляторными органами, включая Управление по контролю качества продуктов питания и лекарственных средств (FDA) и Европейское агентство по лекарственным средствам (EMA), эффективным инструментом ускорения вывода на рынок инновационных препаратов — мРНК-вакцин и генотерапевтических лекарственных препаратов (ГТЛП). Для Российской Федерации и стран Евразийского экономического союза (ЕАЭС) актуально внедрение данной концепции, что позволит ускорить фармацевтическую разработку, оптимизировать контроль качества и валидацию процессов производства, а также экспертную оценку при регистрации таких препаратов.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Проанализировать международные регуляторные подходы к применению платформенных технологий в производстве и контроле качества мРНК-вакцин и ГТЛП на основе вирусных векторов и систем редактирования генома для обоснования их внедрения в национальное законодательство и нормативную документацию Российской Федерации и ЕАЭС.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ. Проанализированы публикации (2015–2025 гг.) в PubMed, Google Scholar, eLIBRARY.RU и материалы регуляторных органов (FDA, EMA, Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ), Международный совет по гармонизации технических требований к лекарственным средствам для медицинского применения (ICH), Агентство по регулированию лекарственных средств и изделий медицинского назначения Великобритании, Агентство по фармацевтическим препаратам и медицинским изделиям Японии (PMDA)), посвященные применению платформенных технологий в производстве и контроле качества лекарственных препаратов. Установлено отсутствие в нормативной документации Российской Федерации и ЕАЭС критериев применения платформенного подхода для мРНК-вакцин и ГТЛП, что затрудняет ускоренное внедрение в клиническую практику инновационных персонализированных препаратов. Показано, что международные регуляторные подходы (FDA, EMA, PMDA) позволяют ускорить разработку и валидацию процесса производства, а также сократить объем доклинических и клинических исследований за счет повторного использования данных о ранее произведенных и одобренных препаратах (данные о процессе производства, профиле безопасности для мРНК-вакцин и ГТЛП). Основными нерешенными вопросами остаются объем подтверждающих данных и необходимость наличия первого одобренного продукта для присвоения статуса платформенной технологии. Обоснована необходимость разработки унифицированных нормативных требований к релевантному опыту и валидации процессов, позволяющих реализовать преимущества платформенного подхода при сохранении высокого уровня безопасности и эффективности лекарственных препаратов в рамках экспертных процедур.</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Платформенный подход, основанный на неизменном производственном процессе и унифицированных методиках контроля качества, позволяет ускорить фармацевтическую разработку, сократить объем доклинических и клинических исследований и оптимизировать экспертную оценку мРНК-вакцин и ГТЛП. Для внедрения данного подхода в Российской Федерации и ЕАЭС необходимо предусмотреть в нормативной документации возможность использования стандартизированных модулей в рамках единой технологической платформы, что ускорит разработку и вывод на рынок ГТЛП и персонализированных продуктов, а также повысит их экономическую доступность.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. The platform approach, which involves the use of an unchanged manufacturing process and standardized quality control methods, is recognized by leading regulatory authorities, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), as an effective tool for accelerating market entry of innovative products, namely mRNA vaccines and gene therapy products. In this context, the implementation of this concept is relevant for the Russian Federation and the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), as it would accelerate pharmaceutical development, optimize quality control and process validation, and improve regulatory review during the registration of such products.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. This study aimed to analyze international regulatory approaches to the application of platform technologies in the manufacturing and quality control of mRNA vaccines and gene therapy products based on viral vectors and genome editing systems, in order to provide a rationale for their implementation in the national legislation and regulatory documentation of the Russian Federation and the EAEU.</p></sec><sec><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>DISCUSSION. An analysis of publications from 2015 to 2025 in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and eLIBRARY.ru databases, as well as official documents from regulatory authorities, including the FDA, the EMA, the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, and the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), addressing the application of platform technologies in the manufacturing and quality control of medicinal products, was performed. It was found that the regulatory documentation of the Russian Federation and the EAEU lacks criteria for applying the platform approach to mRNA vaccines and gene therapy products, which hinders the accelerated introduction of innovative personalized medicinal products into clinical practice. International regulatory approaches (FDA, EMA, PMDA) were shown to accelerate development and process validation, and reduce the scope of preclinical studies and clinical trials through the reuse of data on previously manufactured and approved products (including data on the manufacturing process and safety profiles for mRNA vaccines and gene therapy products). The main unresolved issues remain the amount of supporting data and the need for a first approved product before platform technology status can be granted. The need to develop unified regulatory requirements for relevant experience and process validation was substantiated, which would allow the benefits of the platform approach to be realized while maintaining a high level of safety and efficacy of medicinal products during regulatory review.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. The platform approach, based on an unchanged manufacturing process and standardized quality control methods, can accelerate pharmaceutical development, reduce the extent of preclinical studies and clinical trials, and optimize the regulatory review of mRNA vaccines and gene therapy products. To implement this approach in the Russian Federation and the EAEU, it is necessary to incorporate provisions into the regulatory documentation allowing the use of standardized modules within a single technological platform, which would accelerate the development and market launch of gene therapy products and personalized products, and increase their affordability.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>платформенные технологии</kwd><kwd>мРНК-вакцины</kwd><kwd>генотерапевтические препараты</kwd><kwd>липидные наночастицы</kwd><kwd>вирусные векторы</kwd><kwd>контроль качества</kwd><kwd>регистрация лекарственных средств</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>platform technologies</kwd><kwd>mRNA vaccines</kwd><kwd>gene therapy products</kwd><kwd>lipid nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>viral vectors</kwd><kwd>quality control</kwd><kwd>medicinal product registration</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00061-26-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР 124022200093-9).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was conducted at the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products as part of State Assignment No. 056-00061-26-00 for applied scientific research (R&amp;D state registration No. 124022200093-9).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skerritt JH, Tucek-Szabo C, Sutton B, Nolan T. The platform technology approach to mRNA product development and regulation. Vaccines (Basel). 2024;12(5):528. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12050528</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skerritt JH, Tucek-Szabo C, Sutton B, Nolan T. The platform technology approach to mRNA product development and regulation. Vaccines (Basel). 2024;12(5):528. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12050528</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urnov F, Kassim S, Musunuru K, et al. Advancing gene-editing platforms to improve the viability of rare-disease therapeutics: Key insights from a 2024 Scientific Exchange hosted by ARM, ISCT, and Danaher. Cytotherapy. 2025;27(10):1151–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2025.06.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urnov F, Kassim S, Musunuru K, et al. Advancing gene-editing platforms to improve the viability of rare-disease therapeutics: Key insights from a 2024 Scientific Exchange hosted by ARM, ISCT, and Danaher. Cytotherapy. 2025;27(10):1151–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2025.06.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogawa T, Sunyi J, Kawachi K, et al. Regulatory approaches for platform-based vaccine development in Japan: Insights from PMDA’s experience with COVID-19 and RSV vaccines. Vaccine. 2026;76:128315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128315</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogawa T, Sunyi J, Kawachi K, et al. Regulatory approaches for platform-based vaccine development in Japan: Insights from PMDA’s experience with COVID-19 and RSV vaccines. Vaccine. 2026;76:128315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128315</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musunuru K, Grandinette SA, Wang X, et al. Patient-Specific in vivo gene editing to treat a rare genetic disease. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(22):2235–43. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2504747</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musunuru K, Grandinette SA, Wang X, et al. Patient-Specific in vivo gene editing to treat a rare genetic disease. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(22):2235–43. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2504747</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Багдасарова ДВ, Болотина ЛВ, Леухина ИА и др. мРНК-технологии в борьбе с онкологическими заболеваниями: мировой опыт клинических исследований и опыт внедрения в Российской Федерации. Онкология. Журнал им. П.А. Герцена. 2025;14(6):69–77. https://doi.org/10.17116/onkolog20251406169</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagdasarova DV, Bolotina LV, Leukhina IA, et al. mRNA technologies in treatment of oncological diseases: global experience of clinical trials and implementation in the Russian Federation. P.A. Herzen Journal of Oncology. 2025;14(6):69–77 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/onkolog20251406169</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Копеин ДС, Порошин ГН, Хамитов РA. Реализация концепции Quality by Design для генотерапевтического лекарственного препарата на основе аденоассоциированного вирусного вектора. БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение. 2025;25(2):141–55. https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2025-580</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kopein DS, Poroshin GN, Khamitov RA. Implementation of the quality-by-design concept for an adeno-associated viral vector-based gene therapy. Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment. 2025;25(2):141–55 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2025-580</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bulcha JT, Wang Y, Ma H, et al. Viral vector platforms within the gene therapy landscape. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):53. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00487-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulcha JT, Wang Y, Ma H, et al. Viral vector platforms within the gene therapy landscape. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):53. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00487-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young P. Treatment to cure: Advancing AAV gene therapy manufacture. Drug Discov Today. 2023;28(7):103610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103610</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young P. Treatment to cure: Advancing AAV gene therapy manufacture. Drug Discov Today. 2023;28(7):103610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103610</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stoops J, Morton T, Powell J, et al. Treg cell therapy manufacturability: current state of the art, challenges and new opportunities. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1604483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1604483</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stoops J, Morton T, Powell J, et al. Treg cell therapy manufacturability: current state of the art, challenges and new opportunities. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1604483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1604483</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whitley J, Zwolinski C, Denis C, et al. Development of mRNA manufacturing for vaccines and therapeutics: mRNA platform requirements and development of a scalable production process to support early phase clinical trials. Transl Res. 2022;242:38–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2021.11.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whitley J, Zwolinski C, Denis C, et al. Development of mRNA manufacturing for vaccines and therapeutics: mRNA platform requirements and development of a scalable production process to support early phase clinical trials. Transl Res. 2022;242:38–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2021.11.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang G, Tang T, Chen Y, et al. mRNA vaccines in disease prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):365. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01579-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang G, Tang T, Chen Y, et al. mRNA vaccines in disease prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):365. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01579-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li M, Wang Z, Xie C, et al. Advances in mRNA vaccines. In: International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology. Elsevier; 2022. P. 295–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li M, Wang Z, Xie C, et al. Advances in mRNA vaccines. In: International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology. Elsevier; 2022. P. 295–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D. mRNA vaccines — A new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2018;17(4):261–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.243</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D. mRNA vaccines — A new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2018;17(4):261–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.243</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schrieber SJ, Putnam WS, Chow ECY, et al. Comparability considerations and challenges for expedited development programs for biological products. Drugs RD. 2020;20(4):301–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40268-020-00321-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schrieber SJ, Putnam WS, Chow ECY, et al. Comparability considerations and challenges for expedited development programs for biological products. Drugs RD. 2020;20(4):301–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40268-020-00321-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castellanos MM, Gressard H, Li X, et al. CMC strategies and advanced technologies for vaccine development to boost acceleration and pandemic preparedness. Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11(7):1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071153</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castellanos MM, Gressard H, Li X, et al. CMC strategies and advanced technologies for vaccine development to boost acceleration and pandemic preparedness. Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11(7):1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071153</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madabushi R, Seo P, Zhao L, et al. Review: Role of model-informed drug development approaches in the lifecycle of drug development and regulatory decision-making. Pharm Res. 2022;39(8):1669–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-022-03288-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madabushi R, Seo P, Zhao L, et al. Review: Role of model-informed drug development approaches in the lifecycle of drug development and regulatory decision-making. Pharm Res. 2022;39(8):1669–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-022-03288-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brooks PJ, Ottinger EA, Portero D, et al. The platform vector gene therapies project: Increasing the efficiency of adeno-associated virus gene therapy clinical trial startup. Hum Gene Ther. 2020;31(19– 20):1034–42. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2020.259</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brooks PJ, Ottinger EA, Portero D, et al. The platform vector gene therapies project: Increasing the efficiency of adeno-associated virus gene therapy clinical trial startup. Hum Gene Ther. 2020;31(19– 20):1034–42. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2020.259</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doudna JA. The promise and challenge of therapeutic genome editing. Nature. 2020;578(7794):229–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1978-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doudna JA. The promise and challenge of therapeutic genome editing. Nature. 2020;578(7794):229–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1978-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chan AYL, Chan VKY, Olsson S, et al. Access and unmet needs of orphan drugs in 194 countries and 6 areas: A global policy review with content analysis. Value Health. 2020;23(12):1580–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.06.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chan AYL, Chan VKY, Olsson S, et al. Access and unmet needs of orphan drugs in 194 countries and 6 areas: A global policy review with content analysis. Value Health. 2020;23(12):1580–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.06.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drennen J, Anderson C. Comparability protocols: Chemistry, manufacturing and controls information. NIR News. 2003;14(3):14–5. https://doi.org/10.1255/nirn.720</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drennen J, Anderson C. Comparability protocols: Chemistry, manufacturing and controls information. NIR News. 2003;14(3):14–5. https://doi.org/10.1255/nirn.720</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanyal G, Särnefält A, Kumar A. Considerations for bioanalytical characterization and batch release of COVID-19 vaccines. npj Vaccines. 2021;6(1):53. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00317-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanyal G, Särnefält A, Kumar A. Considerations for bioanalytical characterization and batch release of COVID-19 vaccines. npj Vaccines. 2021;6(1):53. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00317-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ваганова ОА, Смирнов РС, Ленин СА и др. Моноклональные антитела: разработка платформенных методик оценки примесей высокомолекулярных и низкомолекулярных соединений. Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств. 2025;15(3):330–46. https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2025-15-3-330-346</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaganova OA, Smirnov RS, Lenin SA, et al. Monoclonal antibodies: Development of universal (platform) methods for the assessment of high and low-molecular weight impurities. Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation. 2025;15(3):330–46 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2025-15-3-330-346</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
