<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">biopreparat</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2221-996X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1156</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2221-996X-2025-25-2-193-202</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">biopreparat-633</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМА НОМЕРА: ТРЕНДЫ КОНТРОЛЯ КАЧЕСТВА И СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUE TOPIC: TRENDS IN QUALITY CONTROL AND STANDARDISATION OF BIOLOGICALS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Лиофилизация стандартизированных по количеству жизнеспособных клеток микроорганизмов в низкой концентрации: разработка режима высушивания</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lyophilization of microorganisms standardized by the number of viable cells in low concentration: Development of a drying mode</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5786-9159</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воропаев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voropaev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Воропаев Андрей Андреевич</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Voropaev</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">voropaev@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8893-0621</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крысанова</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krysanova</surname><given-names>Yu. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Крысанова Юлия Игоревна</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia I. Krysanova</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">krysanovayi@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8473-7442</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фадейкина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fadeikina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фадейкина Ольга Васильевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Fadeikina, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fadeikina@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8389-3058</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валюхова</surname><given-names>Р. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valyukhova</surname><given-names>R. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Валюхова Рузиля Маратовна</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ruzilya М. Valyukhova</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valyukhovarm@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-1362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давыдов</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Davydov</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Давыдов Дмитрий Сергеевич, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry S. Davydov, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">davydov@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>193</fpage><lpage>202</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Воропаев А.А., Крысанова Ю.И., Фадейкина О.В., Валюхова Р.М., Давыдов Д.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Воропаев А.А., Крысанова Ю.И., Фадейкина О.В., Валюхова Р.М., Давыдов Д.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voropaev A.A., Krysanova Y.I., Fadeikina O.V., Valyukhova R.M., Davydov D.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/633">https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/633</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Современные подходы к микробиологическим испытаниям в фармацевтической промышленности требуют использования стандартизированных по количеству жизнеспособных клеток тест-штаммов микроорганизмов. Наиболее удобной формой для их хранения и транспортировки является лиофилизированное состояние, обеспечивающее длительное сохранение жизнеспособности микроорганизмов. В научной литературе хорошо описаны различные режимы высушивания микроорганизмов в высокой концентрации (10⁷–10¹² КОЕ/мл). Однако такие режимы нельзя напрямую применять при работе со стандартизированными по количеству жизнеспособными клетками в низкой концентрации (10³ КОЕ/мл). Определение оптимального режима лиофилизации позволит решить проблему сохранения жизнеспособности клеток микроорганизмов в низкой концентрации.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Разработка режима высушивания с использованием аппарата камерного типа, обеспечивающего выживаемость тест-штаммов микроорганизмов, стандартизированных по количеству жизнеспособных клеток в концентрации 10³ КОЕ/мл.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В работе использовали тест-штаммы микроорганизмов Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Abony NCTC 6017, Staphylococcus aureus АТСС 6538 и 6538P, Alcaligenes faecalis 415, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Yersinia enterocolitica ATCC 9610, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240. Тест-штаммы лиофилизировали в сахарозо-желатиновой защитной среде, используя лиофильный аппарат камерного типа Martin Christ Epsilon 2-4 LSCplus.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. В экспериментах были установлены оптимальные параметры лиофильного высушивания микроорганизмов в концентрации 10³ КОЕ/мл в аппарате камерного типа: замораживание до минус 25 °С; первичное высушивание при температуре полки минус 35 °С и вакууме 0,4 мбар в течение 8 ч; досушивание при температуре 30 °С в течение 4 ч и остаточном давлении 0,001 мбар. Выживаемость тест-штаммов в низкой концентрации составляла от 22 до 100% в зависимости от вида микроорганизма. Качество полученных образцов тест-штаммов соответствовало показателю «Потеря в массе при высушивании», значения которого варьировались от 0,8 до 2,1%.</p></sec><sec><title>ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ВЫВОДЫ. Разработанный режим высушивания позволяет сохранять количество жизнеспособных клеток микроорганизмов, стандартизированных в низкой концентрации, используя лиофильный аппарат камерного типа. Замораживание ниже температуры эвтектики может снижать выживаемость микробных клеток после высушивания, как это показано для A. faecalis 415. Оценка выживаемости группы из восьми микроорганизмов в низкой концентрации после лиофилизации проведена впервые в России.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Modern approaches to microbiological testing in the pharmaceutical industry require the use of microbial test strains standardized by the number of viable cells. The most convenient form for storage and transportation is lyophilized state, which ensures long-term preservation of the viability of microorganisms. Various drying modes for microorganisms in high concentrations (107–1012 CFU/mL) are described in the scientific literature. However, such modes cannot be directly applied while working with standardized by the number of viable cells containing 103 CFU/mL. Selection of the optimal lyophilization mode allows solving the problem of preserving the viability of microbial cells in a low concentration.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. Development of a drying mode using a chamber-type apparatus that ensures the survival of microbial test strains standardized by the number of viable cells at a concentration of 103 CFU/ml.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. Microbial test strains Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Abony NCTC 6017, Staphylococcus aureus АТСС 6538 and 6538P, Alcaligenes faecalis 415, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Yersinia enterocolitica ATCC 9610, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240 and Martin Christ Epsilon 2-4 LSCplus lyophilizer as well as sucrose-gelatin protective medium were used in the work.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. The experiments established the optimal parameters for lyophilic drying of microorganisms at low concentrations (103 CFU/mL) in chamber-type devices: freezing to minus 25 °C, primary drying at a shelf temperature of minus 35 °C and a vacuum of 0.4 mbar for 8 h, and final drying for 4 h at a temperature of 30 °C and a residual pressure of 0.001 mbar. When using this mode, the survival rate of test strains at low concentrations ranged from 22 to 100% depending on the type of microorganism. The quality of the samples obtained was assessed using the parameter loss of drying which varied from 0.8 to 2.1%.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. The proposed drying mode allows preserving the number of viable cells of microorganisms standardized at low concentrations using chamber-type lyophilic equipment. Freezing below the eutectic temperature may reduce survival of microbial cells after drying, as shown for A. faecalis strain 415. The survival of a set of eight microorganisms at low concentrations after lyophilization has been assessed for the first time in Russia.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лиофилизация</kwd><kwd>тест-штаммы</kwd><kwd>замораживание</kwd><kwd>первичное высушивание</kwd><kwd>досушивание</kwd><kwd>сублимация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lyophilization</kwd><kwd>test strains</kwd><kwd>freezing</kwd><kwd>primary drying</kwd><kwd>drying</kwd><kwd>sublimation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00001-25-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР 124022200103-5).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was conducted by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products as part of the applied research funded under State Assignment No. 056-00001-25-00 (R&amp;D Registry No. 124022200103-5).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Díaz-Rodríguez AM, Salcedo Gastelum LA, Félix Pablos CM, Parra-Cota FI, Santoyo G, Puente ML, et al. The current and future role of microbial culture collections in food security worldwide. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2020;4:614739. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.614739</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Díaz-Rodríguez AM, Salcedo Gastelum LA, Félix Pablos CM, Parra-Cota FI, Santoyo G, Puente ML, et al. The current and future role of microbial culture collections in food security worldwide. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2020;4:614739. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.614739</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han-Min O. Selection of bacterial strains in a testing microbiology laboratory for quality assurance purposes: ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 standard point of view. Accred Qual Assur. 2025; 30:95–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-024-01615-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han-Min O. Selection of bacterial strains in a testing microbiology laboratory for quality assurance purposes: ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 standard point of view. Accred Qual Assur. 2025; 30:95–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-024-01615-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rockinger U, Funk M, Winter G. Current approaches of preservation of cells during (freeze-) drying. J Pharm Sci. 2021; 110(8):2873–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rockinger U, Funk M, Winter G. Current approaches of preservation of cells during (freeze-) drying. J Pharm Sci. 2021; 110(8):2873–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polo L, Mañes Lázaro R, Olmeda I, Cruz Pio LE, Medina A, Ferrer S, Pardo I. Influence of freezing temperatures prior to freeze drying on viability of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria isolated from wine. J Appl Microbiol. 2017;122(6):1603–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13465</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polo L, Mañes Lázaro R, Olmeda I, Cruz Pio LE, Medina A, Ferrer S, Pardo I. Influence of freezing temperatures prior to freeze drying on viability of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria isolated from wine. J Appl Microbiol. 2017;122(6):1603–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13465</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Almeida KV, Zanetti VC, Camelo-Silva C, Alexandre LA, da Silva AC, Verruck S, Teixeira LJQ. Powdered water kefir: Effect of spray drying and lyophilization on physical, physicochemical, and microbiological properties. Food Chem Adv. 2024;5:100759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100759</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Almeida KV, Zanetti VC, Camelo-Silva C, Alexandre LA, da Silva AC, Verruck S, Teixeira LJQ. Powdered water kefir: Effect of spray drying and lyophilization on physical, physicochemical, and microbiological properties. Food Chem Adv. 2024;5:100759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100759</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dimitrellou D, Kandylis P, Kourkoutas Y. Effect of cooling rate, freeze-drying, and storage on survival of free and immobilized Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393. LWT — Food Sci Technol. 2016;69:468–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.01.063</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimitrellou D, Kandylis P, Kourkoutas Y. Effect of cooling rate, freeze-drying, and storage on survival of free and immobilized Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393. LWT — Food Sci Technol. 2016;69:468–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.01.063</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verlhac P, Vessot-Crastes S, Degobert G, Cogné C, Andrieu J, Beney L, et al. Experimental study and optimization of freezedrying cycles of a model Casei type probiotic bacteria. Dry Technol. 2020;38(16):2120–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2019.1683859</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verlhac P, Vessot-Crastes S, Degobert G, Cogné C, Andrieu J, Beney L, et al. Experimental study and optimization of freezedrying cycles of a model Casei type probiotic bacteria. Dry Technol. 2020;38(16):2120–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2019.1683859</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guowei S, Yang X, Li C, Huang D, Lei Z, He C. Comprehensive optimization of composite cryoprotectant for Saccharomyces boulardii during freeze-drying and evaluation of its storage stability. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. 2019;49(9):846–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2019.1630649</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guowei S, Yang X, Li C, Huang D, Lei Z, He C. Comprehensive optimization of composite cryoprotectant for Saccharomyces boulardii during freeze-drying and evaluation of its storage stability. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. 2019;49(9):846–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2019.1630649</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellali S, Bou Khalil J, Fontanini A, Raoult D, Lagier JC. A new protectant medium preserving bacterial viability after freeze drying. Microbiol Res. 2020;236:126454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2020.126454</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellali S, Bou Khalil J, Fontanini A, Raoult D, Lagier JC. A new protectant medium preserving bacterial viability after freeze drying. Microbiol Res. 2020;236:126454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2020.126454</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Явников НВ. Влияние различных криопротекторных компонентов на выживаемость пробиотических микроорганизмов после лиофильной сушки. Международный вестник ветеринарии. 2022;(1):69–73. https://doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-2419.2022.1.69</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yavnikov NV. The effect of various cryoprotective components on the survival of probiotic microorganisms after freeze drying. International Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2022;(1):69–73 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-2419.2022.1.69</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manohar P, Ramesh N. Improved lyophilization conditions for long-term storage of bacteriophages. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1):15242. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51742-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manohar P, Ramesh N. Improved lyophilization conditions for long-term storage of bacteriophages. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1):15242. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51742-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schoug A, Olsson J, Carlfors J. Schnürer J, Håkansson S. Freeze-drying of Lactobacillus coryniformis Si3-effects of sucrose concentration, cell density, and freezing rate on cell survival and thermophysical properties. Cryobiology. 2006; 53(1);119–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2006.04.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schoug A, Olsson J, Carlfors J. Schnürer J, Håkansson S. Freeze-drying of Lactobacillus coryniformis Si3-effects of sucrose concentration, cell density, and freezing rate on cell survival and thermophysical properties. Cryobiology. 2006; 53(1);119–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2006.04.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воропаев АА, Фадейкина ОВ, Ермолаева ТН, Давыдов ДС. Лиофилизация бактериальных тест-штаммов в аппарате коллекторного типа: влияние параметров замораживания и высушивания, объема заполнения ампул и плотности ватного фильтра. БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение. 2023;23(3):348–60. https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2023-23-3-348-360</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voropaev AA, Fadeikina OV, Ermolaeva TN, Davydov DS. Lyophilisation of bacterial test strains in a manifold-type apparatus: Effects of freezing and drying parameters, ampoule fill volume, and cotton filter density. Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment. 2023;23(3):348–60 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2023-23-3-348-360</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ward KR, Matejtschuk P. The principles of freeze-drying and application of analytical technologies. In: Wolkers WF, Oldenhof H, eds. Cryopreservation and freeze-drying protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 2180. New York: Humana; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0783-1_3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ward KR, Matejtschuk P. The principles of freeze-drying and application of analytical technologies. In: Wolkers WF, Oldenhof H, eds. Cryopreservation and freeze-drying protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 2180. New York: Humana; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0783-1_3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Assegehegn G, Brito-de la Fuente E, M. Franco J, Gallegos C. The importance of understanding the freezing step and its impact on freeze-drying process performance. J Pharm Sci. 2019;108(4):1378–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assegehegn G, Brito-de la Fuente E, M. Franco J, Gallegos C. The importance of understanding the freezing step and its impact on freeze-drying process performance. J Pharm Sci. 2019;108(4):1378–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sohail Arshad М, Smith G, Polygalov E, Ermolina I. Throughvial impedance spectroscopy of critical events during the freezing stage of the lyophilization cycle: The example of the impact of sucrose on the crystallization of mannitol. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2014;87(3):598–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.05.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sohail Arshad М, Smith G, Polygalov E, Ermolina I. Throughvial impedance spectroscopy of critical events during the freezing stage of the lyophilization cycle: The example of the impact of sucrose on the crystallization of mannitol. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2014;87(3):598–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.05.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang G-Q, Pu J, Yu X-.Q, Xia Y-J, Ai L-Z. Influence of freezing temperature before freeze-drying on the viability of various Lactobacillus plantarum strains. J Dairy Sci. 2020; 103(4):3066–75. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17685</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang G-Q, Pu J, Yu X-.Q, Xia Y-J, Ai L-Z. Influence of freezing temperature before freeze-drying on the viability of various Lactobacillus plantarum strains. J Dairy Sci. 2020; 103(4):3066–75. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17685</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Осин АВ, Червякова НС, Валова ТВ. Лиофилизация штаммов патогенных микроорганизмов на сублимационных установках разного типа и оценка качества полученных препаратов. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2016;(3):66–70. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2016-3-66-70</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osin AV, Chervyakova NS, Valova TV. Lyophilization of pathogenic microorganisms strains on freeze-drying modules of different type, and quality assessment of the preparations obtained. Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections. 2016;(3):66–70 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2016-3-66-70</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyamoto-Shinohara Y, Sukenobe J, Imaizumi T, Nakahara T. Survival of freeze-dried bacteria. J Gen Appl Microbiol. 2008;54(1):9–24. https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.54.9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyamoto-Shinohara Y, Sukenobe J, Imaizumi T, Nakahara T. Survival of freeze-dried bacteria. J Gen Appl Microbiol. 2008;54(1):9–24. https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.54.9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
