<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">biopreparat</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2221-996X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1156</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2221-996X-2025-591</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">biopreparat-591</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫЕ ПРЕПАРАТЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BIOTECHNOLOGICAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Кандидатный препарат на основе модифицированных однодоменных антител для терапии ботулизма, вызванного ботулиническим токсином типа А</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A modified single-domain antibody candidate for the treatment of botulism caused by botulinum toxin type A</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3776-3856</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деркаев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Derkaev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Деркаев Артем Алексеевич</p><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, Москва, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem A. Derkaev</p><p>18 Gamaleya St., Moscow 123098</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">derkaev.a@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2687-5185</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябова</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabova</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рябова Екатерина Игоревна</p><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, Москва, 123098; ул. Академика Скрябина, д. 23, Москва, 109472</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina I. Ryabova</p><p>18 Gamaleya St., Moscow 123098; 23 Academician Skryabin St., Moscow 109472</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">riabchika@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-2449</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Есмагамбетов</surname><given-names>И. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Esmagambetov</surname><given-names>I. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Есмагамбетов Ильяс Булатович, канд. биол. наук</p><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, Москва, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilias B. Esmagambetov, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>18 Gamaleya St., Moscow 123098</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">esmagambetoveib@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1289-3411</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щебляков</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcheblyakov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Щебляков Дмитрий Викторович, канд. биол. наук</p><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, Москва, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry V. Shcheblyakov, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>18 Gamaleya St., Moscow 123098</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sdmitryv@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Носков</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Noskov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Носков Анатолий Николаевич, д-р биол. наук</p><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, Москва, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatoly N. Noskov, Dr. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>18 Gamaleya St., Moscow 123098</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a_n_noskov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виноградова</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinogradova</surname><given-names>I. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виноградова Ирина Дмитриевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, Москва, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina D. Vinogradova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>18 Gamaleya St., Moscow 123098</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vinogradovaid@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4130-177X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокофьев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokofiev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Прокофьев Владимир Владимирович</p><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, Москва, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir V. Prokofiev</p><p>18 Gamaleya St., Moscow 123098</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladimir.prokofev2609@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0792-7063</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полянский</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyansky</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полянский Дмитрий Сергеевич</p><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, Москва, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry S. Polyansky</p><p>18 Gamaleya St., Moscow 123098</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">preclanc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4035-6581</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логунов</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Logunov</surname><given-names>D. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Логунов Денис Юрьевич, д-р биол. наук, академик РАН</p><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, Москва, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis Y. Logunov, Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p><p>18 Gamaleya St., Moscow 123098</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ldy78@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1769-5059</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гинцбург</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gintsburg</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гинцбург Александр Леонидович, д-р биол. наук, проф., академик РАН</p><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, Москва, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander L. Gintsburg, Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Prof., Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p><p>18 Gamaleya St., Moscow 123098</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gintsburg@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; &#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московская государственная академия ветеринарной медицины и биотехнологии — МВА имени К.И. Скрябина»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya; &#13;
Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology — MVA by K.I. Skryabin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Деркаев А.А., Рябова Е.И., Есмагамбетов И.Б., Щебляков Д.В., Носков А.Н., Виноградова И.Д., Прокофьев В.В., Полянский Д.С., Логунов Д.Ю., Гинцбург А.Л., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Деркаев А.А., Рябова Е.И., Есмагамбетов И.Б., Щебляков Д.В., Носков А.Н., Виноградова И.Д., Прокофьев В.В., Полянский Д.С., Логунов Д.Ю., Гинцбург А.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Derkaev A.A., Ryabova E.I., Esmagambetov I.B., Shcheblyakov D.V., Noskov A.N., Vinogradova I.D., Prokofiev V.V., Polyansky D.S., Logunov D.Y., Gintsburg A.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/591">https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/591</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Основным методом лечения ботулизма в настоящее время является применение антитоксина ботулинического, однако использование данного препарата вызывает ряд побочных эффектов, включая аллергические реакции. Перспективным направлением для лечения интоксикации ботулиническим токсином представляется разработка препаратов на основе моноклональных антител, а именно однодоменных, модифицированных Fc-фрагментом IgG1 человека.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Оптимизация лабораторной технологии получения и доклинические исследования эффективности препарата на основе однодоменного антитела, модифицированного Fc-фрагментом IgG1 человека (B11-Fc), для терапии и экстренной профилактики ботулизма.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Для культивирования использовали клеточную линию CHO. Культивирование стабильного клона-продуцента В7 осуществляли в колбах Эрленмейера с использованием коммерчески доступных сред и подпиток. Для очистки препарата однодоменного антитела B11-Fc использовали многоступенчатую хроматографическую очистку (аффинная, анионообменная и мультимодальная), вирусную очистку и тангенциальную фильтрацию. Степень чистоты препарата оценивали с помощью ВЭЖХ и электрофореза. Гликановый профиль устанавливали с применением ВЭЖХ. Определение концентрации антител в культуральной жидкости, а также оценку равновесных констант диссоциации антитела с различными Fc-рецепторами проводили с использованием метода биослойной интерферометрии. Ботулинический токсин типа А (BoNT/A) получали путем культивирования штамма Clostridium botulinum А98 и дальнейшей хроматографической очистки токсина. Экспериментальные исследования in vivo проводили на мышах-самках линии BALB/c. BoNT/A вводили внутрибрюшинно (в/б) или внутрижелудочно (в/ж), оценивали тяжесть токсических признаков. Препарат антител вводили внутримышечно (в/м) или внутривенно (при исследовании фармакокинетики). Проводили изучение эффективности препарата антител (по показателю выживаемости мышей) на различных моделях интоксикации и в разных режимах применения.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Проведена оптимизация условий культивирования клона-продуцента антитела B11-Fc. Разработанная технология очистки антитела B11-Fc обеспечивала высокий выход антитела (0,5 г/л) с чистотой более 99%. Средний диаметр частиц в препарате — 7,85 нм. Проведена характеристика гликанового профиля препарата. Определены равновесные константы диссоциации антитела B11-Fc с различными Fc-рецепторами человека. Проведено моделирование интоксикации BoNT/A на мышах. Введение (в/м) препарата антител B11-Fc в дозе 0,6 мг/кг обеспечивало 100% протективный эффект при одновременном в/б введении BoNT/A в дозе 20 LD50. Определены основные фармакокинетические параметры антитела B11-Fc. Продемонстрирована защитная эффективность препарата в профилактическом режиме применения — в течение 21 сут при в/б введении 5 LD50 токсина. В терапевтическом режиме применения через 14 ч после в/ж введения токсина в дозе 12000 LD50 (для в/б введения) антитело обеспечивало 100% защитный эффект.</p></sec><sec><title>ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ВЫВОДЫ. Проведена оптимизация лабораторной технологии получения кандидатного препарата на основе модифицированных однодоменных антител B11-Fc. В экспериментах in vivo на модели интоксикации ботулиническим токсином мышей показана высокая эффективность препарата для терапии и профилактики ботулизма. Полученные данные доклинических исследований позволили перейти к проведению фазы I клинических исследований на здоровых добровольцах.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Currently, the primary treatment method for botulism is the use of botulinum antitoxin, which causes a number of side effects, including allergic reactions. The development of medicinal products based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in particular, single-domain mAbs fused to the human IgG1 Fc fragment, holds promise for the treatment of botulinum toxin poisoning.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. This study aimed to optimise the technology for laboratory-scale production of a single-domain mAb fused to the human IgG1 Fc fragment (B11-Fc) for botulism treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis and to conduct a preclinical efficacy study of this mAb.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study used CHO cells. B7, a stable clone producing the B11-Fc single-domain mAb, was cultured in Erlenmeyer flasks using commercially available media and feeds. The B11-Fc mAb was purified using multistep chromatography (including affinity, anion exchange, and multimodal chromatography steps), virus elimination, and tangential flow filtration. The purity of the B11-Fc mAb was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrophoresis. The glycan profile was established by HPLC. Bio-layer interferometry was used to measure the mAb concentration in the culture fluid and to determine the equilibrium dissociation constants for the mAb and various Fc receptors. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) was produced by culturing the Clostridium botulinum A98 strain and purified by chromatography. In vivo experiments involved intraperitoneal and intragastric administration of BoNT/A to female BALB/c mice, with a subsequent assessment of the severity of toxic signs. The B11-Fc mAb was administered intramuscularly or intravenously (to study the pharmacokinetics). The efficacy of the B11-Fc mAb (in terms of mouse survival) was studied using various toxicity models and the prophylactic and therapeutic modes of administration.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. The study optimised culture conditions for the B11-Fc mAb producer clone and developed a mAb purification technology that ensured a high yield (0.5 g/L) and a purity of over 99%. The average particle size in the mAb preparation was 7.85 nm. The study characterised the glycan profile of the B11-Fc mAb and determined the equilibrium dissociation constants for the mAb and human Fc receptors. Poisoning with BoNT/A was modelled in mice. The intramuscular administration of the B11-Fc mAb at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg provided 100% protection from poisoning with BoNT/A that was simultaneously administered at a dose of 20 LD50. The study determined the main pharmacokinetic parameters of the B11-Fc mAb. The experiments demonstrated that prophylactic administration of the B11-Fc mAb for 21 days had a protective effect against BoNT/A administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 5 LD50, and therapeutic administration of the mAb 14 h after intragastric administration of the toxin at a dose of 12,000 intraperitoneal LD50 provided 100% protection.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. The authors optimised the technology for laboratory-scale production of the candidate modified single-domain mAb. In vivo experiments conducted using BoNT/A toxicity models demonstrated that the B11-Fc mAb is highly effective in botulism prevention and treatment. On the basis of preclinical data, phase I clinical trials have been initiated to study B11-Fc in healthy volunteers.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ботулизм</kwd><kwd>ботулинический токсин типа А</kwd><kwd>BoNT/A</kwd><kwd>однодоменные антитела</kwd><kwd>VHH</kwd><kwd>однодоменные антитела</kwd><kwd>модифицированные Fc-фрагментом</kwd><kwd>терапия ботулизма</kwd><kwd>экстренная профилактика ботулизма</kwd><kwd>клетки CHO</kwd><kwd>модель интоксикации ботулиническим токсином</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>botulism</kwd><kwd>botulinum toxin type A</kwd><kwd>BoNT/A</kwd><kwd>single-domain antibody</kwd><kwd>sdAb</kwd><kwd>variable heavy chain domain of a heavy chain antibody</kwd><kwd>VHH</kwd><kwd>Fc-fused single-domain antibody</kwd><kwd>botulism therapy</kwd><kwd>post-exposure botulism prophylaxis</kwd><kwd>CHO cells</kwd><kwd>botulism model</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НИЦЭМ им. Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России «Разработка и доклиническое исследование безопасности и эффективности препарата на основе однодоменных антител для терапии интоксикации, вызванной ботулотоксином» № АААА-А18-118032790102-6.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study reported in this publication was carried out by the National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation as part of publicly funded research project No. AAAA-A18-118032790102-6 “Development and preclinical safety and efficacy study of a single-domain antibody product for the treatment of botulinum toxin poisoning”</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleck-Derderian S, Shankar M, Rao AK, Chatham-Stephens K, Adjei S, Sobel J, et al. The epidemiology of foodborne botulism outbreaks: A systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(1):S73–S81. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix846</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleck-Derderian S, Shankar M, Rao AK, Chatham-Stephens K, Adjei S, Sobel J, et al. The epidemiology of foodborne botulism outbreaks: A systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(1):S73–S81. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix846</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Black RE, Gunn RA. Hypersensitivity reactions associated with botulinal antitoxin. Am J Med. 1980;69(4):567–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(80)90469-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Black RE, Gunn RA. Hypersensitivity reactions associated with botulinal antitoxin. Am J Med. 1980;69(4):567–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(80)90469-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anniballi F, Lonati D, Fiore A, Auricchio B, De Medici D, Locatelli CA. New targets in the search for preventive and therapeutic agents for botulism. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014;12(9):1075–86. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2014.945917</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anniballi F, Lonati D, Fiore A, Auricchio B, De Medici D, Locatelli CA. New targets in the search for preventive and therapeutic agents for botulism. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014;12(9):1075–86. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2014.945917</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Lista F, Montecucco C. The role of the single interchains disulfide bond in tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins and the development of antitetanus and antibotulism drugs. Cell Microbiol. 2019;21(11):e13037. https://doi.org/10.1111/cmi.13037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Lista F, Montecucco C. The role of the single interchains disulfide bond in tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins and the development of antitetanus and antibotulism drugs. Cell Microbiol. 2019;21(11):e13037. https://doi.org/10.1111/cmi.13037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shcheblyakov D, Esmagambetov I, Simakin P, Kostina L, Kozlov A, Tsibezov V. Development and characterization of two GP-specific monoclonal antibodies, which synergistically protect non-human primates against Ebola lethal infection. Antiviral Res. 2019;172:104617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104617</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shcheblyakov D, Esmagambetov I, Simakin P, Kostina L, Kozlov A, Tsibezov V. Development and characterization of two GP-specific monoclonal antibodies, which synergistically protect non-human primates against Ebola lethal infection. Antiviral Res. 2019;172:104617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104617</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muyldermans S, Cambillau C, Wyns L. Recognition of antigens by single-domain antibody fragments: The superfluous luxury of paired domains. Trends Biochem Sci. 2001;26(4):230–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0968-0004(01)01790-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muyldermans S, Cambillau C, Wyns L. Recognition of antigens by single-domain antibody fragments: The superfluous luxury of paired domains. Trends Biochem Sci. 2001;26(4):230–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0968-0004(01)01790-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Есмагамбетов ИБ, Щебляков ДВ, Егорова ДА, Воронина ОЛ, Деркаев АА, Воронина ДВ и др. Наноантитела — потенциальный терапевтический препарат против лихорадки Эбола. Acta Naturae. 2021;13(4):53–63. https://doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.11487</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esmagambetov IB, Shcheblyakov DV, Egorova DA, Voronina OL, Derkaev AA, Voronina DV, et al. Nanobodies are potential therapeutic agents for the Ebola virus infection. Acta Naturae. 2021;13(4):53–63 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.11487</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kontermann RE. Strategies to extend plasma half-lives of recombinant antibodies. BioDrugs. 2009;23(2):93–109. https://doi.org/10.2165/00063030-200923020-00003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kontermann RE. Strategies to extend plasma half-lives of recombinant antibodies. BioDrugs. 2009;23(2):93–109. https://doi.org/10.2165/00063030-200923020-00003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Danquah W, Danquah W, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Rissiek B, Pinto C, Serracant-Prat A, Amadi M, et al. Nanobodies that block gating of the P2X7 ion channel ameliorate inflammation. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8(366):366ra162. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8463</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danquah W, Danquah W, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Rissiek B, Pinto C, Serracant-Prat A, Amadi M, et al. Nanobodies that block gating of the P2X7 ion channel ameliorate inflammation. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8(366):366ra162. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8463</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Godakova SA, Noskov AN, Vinogradova ID, Ugriumova GA, Solovyev AI, Esmagambetov IB, et al. Camelid VHHs fused to human Fc fragments provide long term protection against botulinum neurotoxin A in mice. Toxins (Basel). 2019;11(8):464. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080464</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Godakova SA, Noskov AN, Vinogradova ID, Ugriumova GA, Solovyev AI, Esmagambetov IB, et al. Camelid VHHs fused to human Fc fragments provide long term protection against botulinum neurotoxin A in mice. Toxins (Basel). 2019;11(8):464. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080464</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полянский ДС, Рябова ЕИ, Деркаев АА, Старков НС, Кашапова ИС, Есмагамбетов ИБ. Разработка технологии культивирования клеточной линии, продуцирующей однодоменное антитело, слитое с Fc-фрагментом IgG1 человека. Тонкие химические технологии. 2024;19(3):240–57. https://doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2024-19-3-240-257</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polyansky DS, Ryabova EI, Derkaev AA, Starkov NS, Kashapova IS, Shcheblyakov DV, Karpov AP, Esmagambetov IB. Development of technology for culturing a cell line producing a single-domain antibody fused with the Fc fragment of human IgG1. Fine Chemical Technologies. 2024;19(3):240–57 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2024-19-3-240-257</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mant CT, Chen Y, Yan Z, Popa TV, Kovacs JM, Mills JB, et al. HPLC analysis and purification of peptides. Methods Mol Biol. 2007;386:3–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-430-8_1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mant CT, Chen Y, Yan Z, Popa TV, Kovacs JM, Mills JB, et al. HPLC analysis and purification of peptides. Methods Mol Biol. 2007;386:3–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-430-8_1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keck R, Nayak N, Lerner L, Raju S, Ma S, Schreitmueller T, et al. Characterization of a complex glycoprotein whose variable metabolic clearance in humans is dependent on terminal N-acetylglucosamine content. Biologicals. 2008;36(1):49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.05.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keck R, Nayak N, Lerner L, Raju S, Ma S, Schreitmueller T, et al. Characterization of a complex glycoprotein whose variable metabolic clearance in humans is dependent on terminal N-acetylglucosamine content. Biologicals. 2008;36(1):49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.05.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newkirk MM, Novick J, Stevenson MM, Fournier MJ, Apostolakos P. Differential clearance of glycoforms of IgG in normal and autoimmune-prone mice. Clin Exp Immunol. 1996;106(2):259–64. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-847.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newkirk MM, Novick J, Stevenson MM, Fournier MJ, Apostolakos P. Differential clearance of glycoforms of IgG in normal and autoimmune-prone mice. Clin Exp Immunol. 1996;106(2):259–64. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-847.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beck A, Haeuw JF, Wurch T, Goetsch L, Bailly C, Corvaïa N. The next generation of antibody-drug conjugates comes of age. Discov Med. 2010;10(53):329–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beck A, Haeuw JF, Wurch T, Goetsch L, Bailly C, Corvaïa N. The next generation of antibody-drug conjugates comes of age. Discov Med. 2010;10(53):329–39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang XR, Song A, Bergelson S, Arroll T, Parekh B, May K, et al. Advances in the assessment and control of the effector functions of therapeutic antibodies. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2011;10(2):101–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3365</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang XR, Song A, Bergelson S, Arroll T, Parekh B, May K, et al. Advances in the assessment and control of the effector functions of therapeutic antibodies. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2011;10(2):101–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3365</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reichert JM. Antibody-based therapeutics to watch in 2011. MAbs. 2011;3(1):76–99. https://doi.org/10.4161/mabs.3.1.13895</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reichert JM. Antibody-based therapeutics to watch in 2011. MAbs. 2011;3(1):76–99. https://doi.org/10.4161/mabs.3.1.13895</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rossetto O, Montecucco C. Tables of toxicity of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins. Toxins (Basel). 2019;11(12):686. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120686</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossetto O, Montecucco C. Tables of toxicity of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins. Toxins (Basel). 2019;11(12):686. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120686</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
