<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">biopreparat</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2221-996X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1156</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2221-996X-2023-23-4-513-529</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">biopreparat-516</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные нормативные требования к проведению клинических исследований вакцин против вирусных инфекций</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Current regulatory requirements for clinical trials of viral vaccines</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6624-2692</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солдатов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soldatov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Солдатов Александр Алексеевич, д-р мед. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr A. Soldatov, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Soldatov@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-8080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горенков</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorenkov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горенков Дмитрий Витальевич</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry V. Gorenkov</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gorenkov@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9377-1378</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеева</surname><given-names>Ж. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeeva</surname><given-names>Zh. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авдеева Жанна Ильдаровна, д-р мед. наук, проф.</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhanna I. Avdeeva, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">avdeeva@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-973X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меркулов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Merkulov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Меркулов Вадим Анатольевич, д-р мед. наук, проф.</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim A. Merkulov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">merkulov@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>513</fpage><lpage>529</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Солдатов А.А., Горенков Д.В., Авдеева Ж.И., Меркулов В.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Солдатов А.А., Горенков Д.В., Авдеева Ж.И., Меркулов В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Soldatov A.A., Gorenkov D.V., Avdeeva Z.I., Merkulov V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/516">https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/516</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. С учетом разработки в последнее время множества вакцин на основе новых технологических платформ особо большое значение приобретает обновление нормативных требований к вакцинным препаратам. Актуальной представляется разработка гармонизированных подходов в рамках национальных руководств и нормативных документов Евразийского экономического союза (ЕАЭС), регламентирующих проведение клинических исследований вирусных вакцин.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Анализ нормативных национальных и международных требований, регламентирующих проведение клинических исследований эффективности и безопасности вакцин для профилактики вирусных инфекционных заболеваний.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Проведен анализ разработанных Всемирной организацией здравоохранения (ВОЗ) и ведущими регуляторными органами руководств, касающихся различных аспектов проведения клинических исследований вирусных вакцин. В руководствах особое внимание уделено вопросам иммуногенности вакцин. Существенной проблемой для оценки эффективности вакцин является отсутствие обоснованных иммунных коррелятов защиты для большинства инфекций. Допускается проведение связующих исследований иммуногенности с целью расширения показаний на другие популяции вакцинируемых (например, по возрасту). Для регистрационной оценки безопасности минимальный объем выборки должен включать не менее 3000 вакцинированных. При проведении исследований безопасности для некоторых вакцин необходимо оценивать риск усиления инфекционного заболевания, связанного с введением вакцины, и развития вакциноиндуцированных заболеваний.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Требования ВОЗ и ведущих мировых регуляторных органов к проведению клинических исследований вирусных вакцин в целом являются сходными и могут рассматриваться как взаимодополняющие при разработке новых, гармонизированных в соответствии с международными подходами национальных руководств или руководств ЕАЭС по клиническим исследованиям.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Scientific relevance</title><p>Scientific relevance. In recent years, the development of various vaccines based on novel platforms has underscored the significance of updating regulatory requirements for vaccines. Consequently, clinical trials of viral vaccines need harmonised approaches within national guidelines and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) regulatory framework.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. This study aimed to analyse national and international requirements for clinical trials of the efficacy and safety of preventive viral vaccines.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. This article presents an analysis of the guidelines issued by the WHO and leading regulatory authorities on different aspects of clinical trials of viral vaccines. These guidelines place particular emphasis on the immunogenicity of vaccines. The lack of well-established immune correlates of protection for most infections presents a significant problem for assessing the effectiveness of vaccines. Immunobridging studies may be conducted to expand vaccine indications to different populations (such as a new age group). The size of the prelicensure safety database should include data on at least 3,000 vaccinated study participants. For some vaccines, safety studies must assess the risk of disease onset or enhancement due to vaccination.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The clinical trial requirements for viral vaccines have been substantially aligned by the WHO and major international regulatory authorities, thereby facilitating the development of harmonised national or EAEU guidelines.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вакцины</kwd><kwd>вирусные вакцины</kwd><kwd>клинические исследования</kwd><kwd>разработка вакцин</kwd><kwd>нормативное регулирование</kwd><kwd>иммунный коррелят защиты</kwd><kwd>иммуногенность</kwd><kwd>безопасность</kwd><kwd>нежелательные явления</kwd><kwd>связующие исследования</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vaccines</kwd><kwd>viral vaccines</kwd><kwd>clinical studies</kwd><kwd>clinical trials</kwd><kwd>vaccine development</kwd><kwd>regulatory control</kwd><kwd>immune correlate of protection</kwd><kwd>immunogenicity</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd><kwd>adverse events</kwd><kwd>bridging studies</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00052-23-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР 121022000147-4).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study reported in this publication was carried out as part of publicly funded research project No. 056-00052-23-00 and was supported by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (R&amp;D reporting No. 121022000147-4).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plotkin SA, Gilbert PB. Nomenclature for immune correlates of protection after vaccination. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(11):1615–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis238</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plotkin SA, Gilbert PB. Nomenclature for immune correlates of protection after vaccination. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(11):1615–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis238</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arora M, Lakshmi R. Vaccines — safety in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;76:23–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.02.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arora M, Lakshmi R. Vaccines — safety in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;76:23–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.02.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sebghati M, Khalil A. Uptake of vaccination in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;76:53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpobgyn.2021.03.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sebghati M, Khalil A. Uptake of vaccination in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;76:53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpobgyn.2021.03.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cohen-Abbo A, Culley BS, Reed GW, Sannella EC, Mace RL, Robertson SE, Wright PF. Seroresponse to trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine as a function of dosage interval. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14(2):100–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199502000-00004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cohen-Abbo A, Culley BS, Reed GW, Sannella EC, Mace RL, Robertson SE, Wright PF. Seroresponse to trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine as a function of dosage interval. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14(2):100–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199502000-00004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nathanson N. David Bodian’s contribution to the development of poliovirus vaccine. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(3):207–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nathanson N. David Bodian’s contribution to the development of poliovirus vaccine. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(3):207–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salk J, Salk D. Control of influenza and poliomyelitis with killed virus vaccines. Science. 1977;195(4281):834–47. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.320661</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salk J, Salk D. Control of influenza and poliomyelitis with killed virus vaccines. Science. 1977;195(4281):834–47. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.320661</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mason RA, Tauraso NM, Spertzel RO, Ginn RK. Yellow fever vaccine: direct challenge of monkeys given graded doses of 17D vaccine. Appl Microbiol. 1973;25(4):539–44. https://doi.org/10.1128/am.25.4.539-544.1973</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mason RA, Tauraso NM, Spertzel RO, Ginn RK. Yellow fever vaccine: direct challenge of monkeys given graded doses of 17D vaccine. Appl Microbiol. 1973;25(4):539–44. https://doi.org/10.1128/am.25.4.539-544.1973</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaucher D, Therrien R, Kettaf N, Angermann BR, Boucher G, Filali-Mouhim A, et al. Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses. J Exp Med. 2008;205(13):3119–31. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20082292</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaucher D, Therrien R, Kettaf N, Angermann BR, Boucher G, Filali-Mouhim A, et al. Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses. J Exp Med. 2008;205(13):3119–31. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20082292</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu FC, Zhang J, Zhang XF, Zhou C, Wang ZZ, Huang SJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9744):895–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61030-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu FC, Zhang J, Zhang XF, Zhou C, Wang ZZ, Huang SJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9744):895–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61030-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang H, An D, Liu W, Mao Q, Jin J, Xu L, et al. Analysis of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in human HFMD serum with an EV71 pseudovirus-based assay. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e100545. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100545</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang H, An D, Liu W, Mao Q, Jin J, Xu L, et al. Analysis of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in human HFMD serum with an EV71 pseudovirus-based assay. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e100545. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100545</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дармостукова МА, Снегирева ИИ, Вельц НЮ, Казаков АС, Аляутдин РН. Международный мониторинг безопасности вакцин. Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии. 2019;7(1):6–14. https://doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2019-7-1-6-14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Darmostukova MA, Snegireva II, Velts NYu, Kazakov AS, Alyautdin RN. Vaccine safety international monitoring. Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy. 2019;7(1):6–14 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2019-7-1-6-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simonsen L, Viboud C, Elixhauser A, Taylor RJ, Kapikian AZ. More on RotaShield and intussusception: the role of age at the time of vaccination. J Infect Dis. 2005;192(Suppl 1):S36–43. https://doi.org/10.1086/431512</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simonsen L, Viboud C, Elixhauser A, Taylor RJ, Kapikian AZ. More on RotaShield and intussusception: the role of age at the time of vaccination. J Infect Dis. 2005;192(Suppl 1):S36–43. https://doi.org/10.1086/431512</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gershman MD, Staples JE, Bentsi-Enchill AD, Breugelmans JG, Brito GS, Camacho LA, et al. Viscerotropic disease: case definition and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine. 2012;30(33):5038–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.067</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gershman MD, Staples JE, Bentsi-Enchill AD, Breugelmans JG, Brito GS, Camacho LA, et al. Viscerotropic disease: case definition and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine. 2012;30(33):5038–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.067</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bardina SV, Bunduc P, Tripathi S, Duehr J, Frere JJ, Brown JA, et al. Enhancement of Zika virus pathogenesis by preexisting antiflavivirus immunity. Science. 2017;356(6334):175–180. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4365</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bardina SV, Bunduc P, Tripathi S, Duehr J, Frere JJ, Brown JA, et al. Enhancement of Zika virus pathogenesis by preexisting antiflavivirus immunity. Science. 2017;356(6334):175–180. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4365</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shukla R, Ramasamy V, Shanmugam RK, Ahuja R, Khanna N. Antibody-dependent enhancement: a challenge for developing a safe dengue vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:572681. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.572681</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shukla R, Ramasamy V, Shanmugam RK, Ahuja R, Khanna N. Antibody-dependent enhancement: a challenge for developing a safe dengue vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:572681. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.572681</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
