<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">biopreparat</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2221-996X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1156</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2221-996X-2022-22-4-435-445</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">biopreparat-440</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изучение иммуногенности вакцины Гам-КОВИД-Вак</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Immunogenicity evaluation of Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириллов</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirillov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кириллов Игорь Анатольевич,  канд. воен. наук. </p><p>Фрунзенская наб., д. 22/2, Москва, 119160</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor A. Kirillov, Cand. Sci. (Military)</p><p>22/2 Frunzenskaya Emb., Moscow 119160</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kir@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пирожков</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pirozhkov</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пирожков Алексей Петрович,  канд. мед. наук.  </p><p>SPINcode РИНЦ: 7202-3827 </p><p>ул. Октябрьская, д. 11, г. Сергиев Посад-6, Московская область, 141306</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey P. Pirozhkov, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>SPIN-code: 7202-3827 </p><p>11 Oktyabrskaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, Moscow Region 141306</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">APir@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубцов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubtsov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рубцов Владимир Васильевич,  канд. биол. наук. </p><p>ул. Октябрьская, д. 11, г. Сергиев Посад-6, Московская область, 141306</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir V. Rubtsov, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>11 Oktyabrskaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, Moscow Region 141306</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rub_V@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логинова</surname><given-names>С. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Loginova</surname><given-names>S. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Логинова Светлана Яковлевна,  д-р биол. наук. </p><p>SPINcode РИНЦ: 8764-7946 </p><p>ул. Октябрьская, д. 11, г. Сергиев Посад-6, Московская область, 141306</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana Ya. Loginova, Dr Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>SPIN-code: 8764-7946 </p><p>11 Oktyabrskaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, Moscow Region 141306</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">SLogin@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сайфулина</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saifulina</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сайфулина Наталья Александровна</p><p>ул. Октябрьская, д. 11, г. Сергиев Посад-6, Московская область, 141306</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya A. Saifulina</p><p>11 Oktyabrskaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, Moscow Region 141306</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sayful@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плеханова</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Plekhanova</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Плеханова Тамара Михайловна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>ул. Октябрьская, д. 11, г. Сергиев Посад-6, Московская область, 141306</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tamara M. Plekhanova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>11 Oktyabrskaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, Moscow Region 141306</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">TMPlekh@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимофеев</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Timofeev</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тимофеев Михаил Анатольевич</p><p>Фрунзенская наб., д. 22/2, Москва, 119160</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail A. Timofeev</p><p>22/2 Frunzenskaya Emb., Moscow 119160</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">TimMA@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутаев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutaev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кутаев Дмитрий Анатольевич, канд. биол. наук</p><p>ул. Октябрьская, д. 11, г. Сергиев Посад-6, Московская область, 141306</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry A. Kutaev, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>11 Oktyabrskaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, Moscow Region 141306</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kutaev@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4035-6581</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логунов</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Logunov</surname><given-names>D. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Логунов Денис Юрьевич,  д-р биол. наук, член-корр. РАН </p><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, Москва, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis Y. Logunov, Dr Sci. (Biol.), Corr. Member of RAS</p><p>18 Gamaleya St., Moscow 123098</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1769-5059</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гинцбург</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gintsburg</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гинцбург Александр Леонидович, д д-р биол. наук, проф., академик РАН </p><p>ул. Гамалеи, д. 18, Москва, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr L. Gintsburg, Dr Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Academician of RAS</p><p>18 Gamaleya St., Moscow 123098</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-3919</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисевич</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisevich</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Борисевич Сергей Владимирович,  д-р биол. наук, проф., академик РАН </p><p>ул. Октябрьская, д. 11, г. Сергиев Посад-6, Московская область, 141306</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Borisevich, Dr Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Academician of RAS</p><p>11 Oktyabrskaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, Moscow Region 141306</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">48cnii@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Управление войск радиационной, химической и биологической защиты Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Directorate of Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «48 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>48 Central Scientific Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title>Разработка биологических лекарственных препаратов для профилактики, диагностики и лечения COVID-19</issue-title><fpage>435</fpage><lpage>445</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кириллов И.А., Пирожков А.П., Рубцов В.В., Логинова С.Я., Сайфулина Н.А., Плеханова Т.М., Тимофеев М.А., Кутаев Д.А., Логунов Д.Ю., Гинцбург А.Л., Борисевич С.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кириллов И.А., Пирожков А.П., Рубцов В.В., Логинова С.Я., Сайфулина Н.А., Плеханова Т.М., Тимофеев М.А., Кутаев Д.А., Логунов Д.Ю., Гинцбург А.Л., Борисевич С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kirillov I.A., Pirozhkov A.P., Rubtsov V.V., Loginova S.Y., Saifulina N.A., Plekhanova T.M., Timofeev M.A., Kutaev D.A., Logunov D.Y., Gintsburg A.L., Borisevich S.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/440">https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/440</self-uri><abstract><p>В начале массовой иммунизации личного состава Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации в ноябре 2020 г. первой в России вакциной Гам-КОВИД-Вак против новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 необходимо было оценить уровень антител у вакцинированных лиц, длительность и напряженность гуморального иммунитета против COVID-19.</p><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы: изучение иммуногенной эффективности вакцины Гам-КОВИД-Вак у сотрудников военных лечебных учреждений после вакцинации.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: наличие специфических антител в сыворотке крови лиц, иммунизированных вакциной Гам-КОВИД-Вак (477 добровольцев), и переболевших COVID-19 (73 пациента) определяли в реакции нейтрализации, методами иммуноферментного анализа (ИФА) с использованием наборов реагентов различных производителей и иммуноблоттинга. Статистическую обработку результатов исследования проводили методами вариационной статистики.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: установлено, что у 90,7% вакцинированных выявляются вируснейтрализующие антитела в реакции нейтрализации, и у 95,4% – в ИФА. Отмечено снижение уровня антител, выявляемых в реакции нейтрализации и ИФА, у вакцинированных старше 50 лет. Концентрация иммуноглобулина класса G к S-белку вируса SARS-CoV-2, определяемая в ИФА у группы лиц, иммунизированных вакциной Гам-КОВИД-Вак, достоверно выше, чем в группе переболевших COVID-19. Наибольший уровень корреляции результатов определения антител в ИФА и реакции нейтрализации получен при использовании экспериментального набора реагентов для количественного выявления вируснейтрализующих антител методом конкурентного ИФА с использованием рекомбинантного человеческого ангиотензинпревращающего фермента АСЕ2. Изучение динамики изменений уровня вируснейтрализующих антител показало, что через три месяца после введения второго компонента вакцины отмечается достоверное снижение уровня антител более чем в два раза.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: у лиц, иммунизированных вакциной Гам-КОВИД-Вак, формируется эффективный гуморальный иммунитет к возбудителю COVID-19. Снижение среднего геометрического значения титров антител в два раза через три месяца после введения второго компонента вакцины Гам-КОВИД-Вак свидетельствует о необходимости проведения ревакцинации через 6 месяцев после введения второго компонента вакцины.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In November 2020, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation began mass immunisation of the personnel with Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V), the first Russia vaccine against the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Thus, it became necessary to assess post-vaccination antibody levels and the duration and intensity of humoral immunity to COVID-19.</p><p>The aim of the study was to investigate the immunogenicity and efficacy of Gam-COVID-Vac in military medical staff after vaccination.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: the authors determined the presence of specific antibodies in the serum of individuals immunised with Gam-COVID-Vac (477 volunteers) and COVID-19 convalescents (73 patients), using virus neutralisation (VN), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with reagent kits by several manufacturers, and immunoblotting. The results of the study were evaluated using analysis of variance.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: VN detected virus neutralising antibodies in 90.7% of vaccinated subjects; ELISA, in 95.4%. Both VN and ELISA showed lower antibody levels in the vaccinated over 50 years of age. ELISA demonstrated a significantly higher concentration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG in the Gam-COVID-Vac group than in the COVID-19 convalescent group. The correlation between antibody detection results by VN and ELISA was the strongest when the authors used their experimental reagent kit for quantitative detection of virus neutralising antibodies by competitive ELISA with the recombinant human ACE2 receptor. Having analysed the time course of neutralising antibody titres, the authors noted a significant, more than two-fold decrease in geometric means of the titres three months after administration of the second vaccine component.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions: the subjects vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac gain effective humoral immunity to COVID-19. The decrease in titres indicates the need for revaccination in 6 months.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гуморальный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>вируснейтрализующие антитела</kwd><kwd>вакцина</kwd><kwd>Спутник V</kwd><kwd>Гам-КОВИД-Вак</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>ИФА</kwd><kwd>иммуноглобулин класса G</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>humoral immunity</kwd><kwd>virus neutralising antibodies</kwd><kwd>vaccine</kwd><kwd>Sputnik V</kwd><kwd>Gam-COVID-Vac</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>ELISA</kwd><kwd>immunoglobulin G</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed without external funding.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV, Tukhvatulin AI, Zubkova OV, Dzharullaeva AS, et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet. 2021;397(10275):671–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV, Tukhvatulin AI, Zubkova OV, Dzharullaeva AS, et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet. 2021;397(10275):671–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Zubkova OV, Tukhvatullin AI, Shcheblyakov DV, Dzharullaeva AS, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia. Lancet. 2020;396(10255):887–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31866-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Zubkova OV, Tukhvatullin AI, Shcheblyakov DV, Dzharullaeva AS, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia. Lancet. 2020;396(10255):887–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31866-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Львов ДК, ред. Руководство по вирусологии: Вирусы и вирусные инфекции человека и животных. М.: Медицинское информационное агентство; 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lvov DK, ed. Guide to Virology: Viruses and Viral Infections of Humans and Animals. Moscow: Medicinskoe Informatsionnoe Agentstvo; 2013 (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bundschuh C, Egger M, Wiesinger K, Gabriel C, Clodi M, Mueller T, Dieplinger B. Evaluation of the EDI enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in human plasma. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;509:79–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.047</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bundschuh C, Egger M, Wiesinger K, Gabriel C, Clodi M, Mueller T, Dieplinger B. Evaluation of the EDI enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in human plasma. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;509:79–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiang F, Wang X, He X, Peng Z, Yang B, Zhang J, et al. Antibody detection and dynamic characteristics in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(8):1930–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa461</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiang F, Wang X, He X, Peng Z, Yang B, Zhang J, et al. Antibody detection and dynamic characteristics in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(8):1930–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa461</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гинсбург НН, Касымов КТ, Альтштейн АД Сравнительное изучение различных методов титрования вируснейтрализующих антител к вирусу полиомиелита в культуре ткани. Вопросы вирусологии. 1960;(1):20–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ginsburg NN, Kasymov KT, Altshtein AD. Comparative study of various methods of titration of virus-neutralising antibodies to poliomyelitis virus in tissue culture. Voprosy Virusologii = Problems of Virology. 1960;5:20–5 (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пшеничнов ВА, Семенов БФ, Зезеров ЕГ, ред. Стандартизация методов вирусологических исследований. М.: Медицина; 1974.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pshenichnov VA, Semenov BF, Zezerov EG, eds. Standardization of Virological Research Methods. Moscow: Meditsina; 1974 (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Case JB, Rothlauf PW, Chen RE, Liu Z, Zhao H, Kim AS, et al. Neutralizing antibody and soluble ACE2 inhibition of a replication-competent VSV-SARS-CoV-2 and a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;28(3):475–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.06.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Case JB, Rothlauf PW, Chen RE, Liu Z, Zhao H, Kim AS, et al. Neutralizing antibody and soluble ACE2 inhibition of a replication-competent VSV-SARS-CoV-2 and a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;28(3):475–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.06.021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim B. Western blot techniques. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1606:133–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6990-6_9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim B. Western blot techniques. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1606:133–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6990-6_9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Towbin H, Gordon J. Immunoblotting and dot immunobinding – current status and outlook. J Immunol Methods. 1984;72(2):313–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(84)90001-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Towbin H, Gordon J. Immunoblotting and dot immunobinding – current status and outlook. J Immunol Methods. 1984;72(2):313–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(84)90001-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ашмарин ИП, Воробьёв АА. Статистические методы в микробиологических исследованиях. Л.: Гос. изд. мед. лит.; 1962.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashmarin IP, Vorobyov AA. Statistical Methods in Microbiological Research. Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe Izdanie Meditsinskoy Literatury; 1962 (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Генес ВС. Некоторые простые методы кибернетической обработки данных диагностических и физиологических исследований. М.; 1967.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Genes VS. Some Simple Methods for Cybernetic Processing of Data from Diagnostic and Physiological Studies. Moscow; 1967 (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Урбах ВЮ. Статистический анализ в биологических и медицинских исследованиях. М.: Медицина; 1975.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urbakh VYu. Statistical Analysis in Biological and Medical Research. Moscow: Meditsina; 1975 (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nam M, Seo JD, Moon HW, Kim H, Hur M, Yun YM. Evaluation of humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination using two binding antibody assays and a neutralizing antibody assay. Microbiol Spectr. 2021;9(3):e0120221. https://doi.org/10.1128/Spectrum.01202-21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nam M, Seo JD, Moon HW, Kim H, Hur M, Yun YM. Evaluation of humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination using two binding antibody assays and a neutralizing antibody assay. Microbiol Spectr. 2021;9(3):e0120221. https://doi.org/10.1128/Spectrum.01202-21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahmoud SA, Ganesan S, Naik S, Bissar S, Zamel IA, Warren KN, et al. Serological assays for assessing postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. Microbiol Spectr. 2021;9(2):e0073321. https://doi.org/10.1128/Spectrum.00733-21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahmoud SA, Ganesan S, Naik S, Bissar S, Zamel IA, Warren KN, et al. Serological assays for assessing postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. Microbiol Spectr. 2021;9(2):e0073321. https://doi.org/10.1128/Spectrum.00733-21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoshida S, Koeda N, Hattori H, Tanaka M, Tanaka I, Fukui H, et al. Age- and sex-based changes in spike protein antibody status after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and effect of past-infection in healthcare workers in Osaka. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):709. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07695-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoshida S, Koeda N, Hattori H, Tanaka M, Tanaka I, Fukui H, et al. Age- and sex-based changes in spike protein antibody status after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and effect of past-infection in healthcare workers in Osaka. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):709. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07695-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
