biopreparatБИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечениеBiological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment2221-996X2619-1156Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products10.30895/2221-996X-2023-433biopreparat-433Research ArticleСтатьиГенная терапия нейродегенеративных заболеваний: достижения, разработки, проблемы внедрения в клиническую практикуGene therapy of neurodegenerative diseases: achievements, developments, and clinical implementation challengeshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-3545МельниковаЕ. В.MelnikovaE. V.

Мельникова Екатерина Валерьевна, канд. биол. наук

Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051

Ekaterina V. Melnikova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) 

8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051

melnikovaEV@expmed.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-973XМеркуловВ. А.MerkulovV. A.

Меркулов Вадим Анатольевич, д-р мед. наук, проф.

Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051; 

Трубецкая ул., д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 119991

Vadim A. Merkulov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051; 

8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991

Merkulov@expmed.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7013-0394МеркуловаО. В.MerkulovaO. V.

Меркулова Ольга Владимировна, канд. мед. наук

Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051

Olga V. Merkulova, Cand. Sci. (Med.) 

8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051

Merkulova@expmed.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияScientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal ProductsRussian FederationФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский Университет) Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияScientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Russian Federation202302022023232От традиционных биологических к высокотехнологичным лекарственным препаратам: вопросы разработки и применения127147Copyright © Мельникова Е.В., Меркулов В.А., Меркулова О.В., 20232023Мельникова Е.В., Меркулов В.А., Меркулова О.В.Melnikova E.V., Merkulov V.A., Merkulova O.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/433

Нейродегенеративные заболевания (НДЗ) являются одними из перспективных объектов для разработки препаратов генной терапии, в первую очередь ввиду возможной причины их возникновения (нарушение работы гена или генов), отсутствия эффективной терапии, негативного влияния на качество жизни как самого пациента, так и его окружения.

Цель работы — анализ направлений и проблем разработки, проведения доклинических и клинических исследований препаратов генной терапии для лечения нейродегенеративных заболеваний, а также изучение зарубежного опыта экспертной оценки регистрационного досье препарата Zolgensma®, получившего условную государственную регистрацию.

Анализ проводимых исследований продуктов генной терапии в области НДЗ показал, что основными проблемами являются: в исследованиях на животных — выбор модели заболевания, способа введения, подбор мишени для эффективной генной терапии при заболеваниях, затрагивающих работу нескольких генов; на этапе клинических исследований (КИ) — выбор группы сравнения, разработка критериев отбора пациентов для участия в КИ с учетом наличия генетической мутации, которая является показанием к проведению генной терапии, исключения из КИ пациентов при наличии у них антител к продукту генной терапии, выбор и обоснование безопасной терапевтической дозы вследствие единственного шанса у пациента на введение препарата генной терапии, сложность оценки клинической пользы по экспрессии трансгена в организме у человека вследствие недоступности тканей мозга для анализа. Прорывом последних лет является вывод на мировой фармацевтический рынок препарата генной терапии Zolgensma® (Novartis) для лечения детей со спинальной мышечной атрофией 1 типа. В статье проанализирован опыт экспертной оценки регистрационного досье препарата Zolgensma®, который может быть использован разработчиками в ходе вывода на рынок Евразийского экономического союза лекарственных препаратов по механизму условной регистрации, подразумевающей, что польза от немедленного доступа пациентов к препаратам будет превышать риски, связанные с неполными данными об их характеристиках.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are promising objects for the development of gene therapy products, primarily, due to the possible cause of these diseases (disruption of a gene or several genes), lack of effective therapy, and negative impact on the quality of life of both patients and their families and friends.

The aim of the study was to identify trends and challenges in the development and preclinical and clinical studies of gene therapy products for NDDs and to analyse the international experience of expert assessment of the dossier for Zolgensma®, which received a conditional marketing authorisation.

According to the analysis of the ongoing studies of gene therapy products for NDDs, the following major challenges arise at preclinical and clinical stages. For animal studies, a particular challenge is to select a disease model, a route of administration, and a target for effective gene therapy for polygenic disorders. For clinical trials, problematic aspects are the selection of a control group, the development of inclusion criteria for patients with a genetic variant that is an indication for a gene therapy product and exclusion criteria for patients with antibodies to this gene therapy product, the selection and justifi cation of a safe therapeutic dose since a gene therapy product can be administered to a patient only once, and the complexity of assessing clinical benefi ts of transgene expression in the human body due to the inaccessibility of brain tissue for analysis. Recent years have witnessed a breakthrough in gene therapy with the introduction of Zolgensma® (Novartis) to the world pharmaceutical market to treat children with spinal muscular atrophy type 1. The article analyses the experience of expert assessment of the marketing authorisation dossier for Zolgensma®, which can be used by drug developers bringing new medicines to the market of the Eurasian Economic Union under conditional marketing authorisation, which implies that the benefi ts of immediate patient access to these medicines will exceed the risks associated with incomplete data on their characteristics.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.