biopreparatБИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечениеBiological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment2221-996X2619-1156Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products10.30895/2221-996X-2020-20-4-216-227biopreparat-303Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSАнализ перспективных направлений создания вакцин против COVID-19Analysis of Promising Approaches to COVID-19 Vaccine Developmenthttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-7258ОнищенкоГ. Г.OnishchenkoG. G.

Геннадий Григорьевич Онищенко, д-р мед. наук, проф., акад. РАН,

Трубецкая ул., д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 119991

Gennadiy G. Onishchenko, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Academician of RAS.,

8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991

ecolog_n_n@mma.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1817-0126СизиковаТ. Е.SizikovaT. E.

Сизикова Татьяна Евгеньевна, канд. биол. наук,

ул. Октябрьская, д. 11, Сергиев Посад-6, Московская область, 141306

Tatyana E. Sizikova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.).,

11 Oktyabr'skaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, Moscow Oblast 141306

48cnii@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6552-4599ЛебедевВ. Н.LebedevV. N.

Лебедев Виталий Николаевич, д-р биол. наук, проф.,

ул. Октябрьская, д. 11, Сергиев Посад-6, Московская область, 141306

Vitaliy N. Lebedev, Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor.

11 Oktyabr'skaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, Moscow Oblast 141306, Russian Federation

48cnii@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-3919БорисевичС. В.BorisevichS. V.

Борисевич Сергей Владимирович, д-р биол. наук, проф., член-корр. РАН,

ул. Октябрьская, д. 11, Сергиев Посад-6, Московская область, 141306

Sergey V. Borisevich, Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Corr. Member of RAS.,

11 Oktyabr'skaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, Moscow Oblast 141306

48cnii@mail.ruФедеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И. М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияI. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityRussian FederationФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «48 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт» Министерства обороны Российской ФедерацииРоссия48 Central Scientific Research InstituteRussian Federation202017112020204216227Copyright © Онищенко Г.Г., Сизикова Т.Е., Лебедев В.Н., Борисевич С.В., 20202020Онищенко Г.Г., Сизикова Т.Е., Лебедев В.Н., Борисевич С.В.Onishchenko G.G., Sizikova T.E., Lebedev V.N., Borisevich S.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/303

На начало ноября 2020 г. в мире зарегистрировано 50 млн случаев COVID-19. Для формирования коллективного иммунитета, который будет препятствовать возникновению повторных вспышек заболевания, этот показатель является явно недостаточным. Карантинные мероприятия способны лишь в какой-то мере ограничить распространение заболевания, поэтому актуальным является вопрос о создании специфических средств профилактики в отношении данной нозологической формы, направленных на искусственное формирование коллективного иммунитета против COVID-19. В основе коллективного иммунитета лежит непрямая защита человеческой популяции в целом при иммунизации определенной его части. Вакцинация является наиболее действенным способом предотвращения развития эпидемической вспышки. Цель работы — анализ перспективных направлений создания вакцин против новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. Представлены результаты обобщения информации о разработке и клинических исследованиях вакцин против COVID-19 в различных странах, проведен анализ достоинств и недостатков различных платформ для создания вакцин (аттенуированные, инактивированные, субъединичные, ДНК- и РНК-вакцины, векторные рекомбинантные вакцины). Представлен возможный дизайн вакцин нового поколения. Сделан вывод о том, что вакцины против COVID-19 могут быть созданы как для иммунизации групп высокого риска, так и для проведения массовой иммунизации. Приоритетное положение при решении второй из указанных задач занимает создание векторных рекомбинантных вакцин на основе аденовируса человека или обезьян, массовое производство которых уже анонсировано. 

The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide amounted to 50 million at the beginning of November 2020. This is clearly not enough for the formation of herd immunity, which will prevent repeated outbreaks of the disease. Quarantine measures can only curb the spread of the disease to some extent, therefore specific preventive measures are needed to create collective immunity to COVID-19.The underlying principle of collective immunity is indirect protection of the whole of the population by immunising a certain part of it. Vaccination is the most effective approach to prevention of epidemic outbreaks. The aim of the study was to analyse promising approaches to the development of vaccines against novel coronavirus COVID-19 infection. The paper summarises data on development studies and clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines conducted in different countries. It analyses the pros and cons of different platforms for vaccine development (attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA and RNA vaccines, recombinant vector vaccines). The paper presents a potential design of novel vaccines. It was concluded that COVID-19 vaccines might be developed both for immunising high-risk groups and for mass immunisation. An optimal solution for the second task would be to develop human or monkey adenovirus vector-based vaccines whose mass production has already been unveiled.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.