biopreparatБИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечениеBiological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment2221-996X2619-1156Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products10.30895/2221-996X-2020-20-3-146-158biopreparat-297Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSПерспективы использования технологической платформы ELISPOT в системе противоэпидемических мероприятий против новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19Prospects for Using the ELISPOT Technological Platform as Part of Anti-Epidemic Measures Against the New Coronavirus Infection COVID-19https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2695-8869ПотеряевД. А.PoteryaevD. A.

Потеряев Дмитрий Александрович, канд. биол. наук.

ул. Владимирская, д. 14, пос. Вольгинский, Петушинский район, Владимирская область, 601125

Dmitry A. Poteryaev, Cand. Sci. (Biol.).

14 Vladimirskaya St., Volginsky town, Petushinskiy District, Vladimir Oblast 601125

poteryaev@ibcgenerium.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1314-894XХамитовР. А.KhamitovR. A.

Хамитов Равиль Авгатович, д-р мед. наук, проф.

ул. Владимирская, д. 14, пос. Вольгинский, Петушинский район, Владимирская область, 601125

Ravil A. Khamitov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor.

14 Vladimirskaya St., Volginsky town, Petushinskiy District, Vladimir Oblast 601125

khamitov@ibcgenerium.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-6062ЕфимовГ. А.EfimovG. A.

Ефимов Григорий Александрович, канд. биол. наук.

Новый Зыковский проезд, д. 4, Москва, 125167

Grigory A. Efimov, Cand. Sci. (Biol.).

4 Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow 125167

efimov@blood.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6980-7190ШустерА. М.ShusterA. M.

Шустер Александр Михайлович, канд. биол. наук.

ул. Владимирская, д. 14, пос. Вольгинский, Петушинский район, Владимирская область, 601125

Aleksandr M. Shuster, Cand. Sci. (Biol.).

14 Vladimirskaya St., Volginsky town, Petushinskiy District, Vladimir Oblast 601125

shuster@ibcgenerium.ruОбщество с ограниченной ответственностью «Международный биотехнологический центр «ГЕНЕРИУМ»РоссияInternational Biotechnology Center “GENERIUM”Russian FederationФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр гематологии» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияNational Research Center for HematologyRussian Federation202014082020203146158Copyright © Потеряев Д.А., Хамитов Р.А., Ефимов Г.А., Шустер А.М., 20202020Потеряев Д.А., Хамитов Р.А., Ефимов Г.А., Шустер А.М.Poteryaev D.A., Khamitov R.A., Efimov G.A., Shuster A.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/297

Определение наличия Т-клеточного иммунного ответа к вирусу SARS-CoV-2 актуально как для диагностики заболевания у пациентов с наличием симптомов, так и для определения общего количества людей, перенесших данное заболевание, в том числе бессимптомно. Кроме того, данные тесты эффективны для оценки иммунного ответа после проведения вакцинации, а также оценки напряженности специфического иммунитета в группах риска и ранее переболевших. При этом среди методов оценки Т-клеточного иммунного ответа наиболее перспективным является тест ELISPOT на выброс интерферона гамма (IGRA) под действием специфических вирусных антигенов. В обзоре рассмотрены перспективы использования технологической платформы ELISPOT в клинико-лабораторной практике при работе с новой коронавирусной инфекцией COVID-19 с учетом особенностей иммунного ответа при данном заболевании. В качестве источников литературы использовались статьи, опубликованные в реферируемых журналах, препринты статей, размещенные на ресурсах arXiv, кроме того, использовались личные коммуникации авторов с ведущими иммунологами. Показано, что внедрение В- и Т-клеточного ELISPOT-тестов позволит осуществлять мониторинг иммунологического статуса пациентов и выбор тактики лечения, выявлять наиболее уязвимые группы населения, осуществлять комплексную оценку вакцинных препаратов на этапах разработки, клинических исследований и внедрения в практику. Обсуждаются вопросы сохранения Т-клеточного иммунитета в крови переболевших коронавирусными инфекциями HCoV, SARS, MERS, COVID-19 и преимущества Т-клеточного ELISPOT-теста перед серологическими тестами для эпидемиологической оценки распространенности новой коронавирусной инфекции и в клинических исследованиях вакцин против COVID-19. Биотехнологические компании имеют готовую технологическую платформу, легко адаптируемую под конкретный вид анализа и патогена, для разработки и промышленного производства наборов ELISPOT. Подтверждена необходимость разработки вакцин, стимулирующих как клеточный, так и гуморальный иммунные ответы, поднят вопрос о защитном потенциале перекрестного иммунитета, приобретенного до пандемии COVID-19.

Determination of T-cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is important both for diagnosis of the disease in symptomatic patients, and for determination of the total number of people who have had the disease, including its asymptomatic form. In addition, these assays are efficient for assessing the immune response after vaccination, as well as immunity levels in risk groups and in convalescent patients. The most promising method of T-cell immune response assessment is an ELISPOT-based assay measuring the release of interferon-gamma (IGRA) after stimulation with coronavirus-specific antigens. The present review analyses the prospects for using the ELISPOT technological platform in the clinical laboratory setting when dealing with the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, given specific aspects of the immune response. The review summarises data from articles published in peer-reviewed journals, preprints of articles available at arXiv resources, and information that some leading immunologists shared with the authors during private discussions. It has been shown that the introduction of B- and T-cell ELISPOT assays will make it possible to monitor the immunological status of patients, select a treatment strategy, identify the most vulnerable populations, carry out comprehensive assessment of vaccines during the development, clinical trials and implementation stages. The paper discusses the issues of maintaining T-cell immunity in the blood of people who have had HCoV, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 coronavirus infections. It also discusses the advantages of the T-cell ELISPOT assay over serological tests as regards epidemiological assessment of the prevalence of the new coronavirus infection, and clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines. Biotechnology companies have a ready-made technological platform for the development and industrial-scale production of ELISPOT kits, and this platform is easily adaptable to specific types of assays and pathogens. The paper supports the need to develop vaccines that would stimulate both cellular and humoral immune responses, and raises the question of the protective potential of cross-immunity acquired before the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.