biopreparatБИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечениеBiological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment2221-996X2619-1156Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products10.30895/2221-996X-2019-19-2-81-87biopreparat-186Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSЭпидемиология ротавирусной инфекции и тактика вакцинопрофилактикиRotavirus Epidemiology and Vaccination Tacticshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6472-6386БондаревВ. П.BondarevV. P.

Бондарев Владимир Петрович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор

Петровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация

Vladimir P. Bondarev, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation

Bondarev@expmed.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7164-2890ШевцовВ. А.ShevtsovV. A.

Шевцов Владимир Александрович, кандидат медицинских наук

Петровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация

Vladimir A. Shevtsov, Cand. Sci. (Med.)

8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation

Shevtsov@expmed.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0695-3446ИндиковаИ. Н.IndikovaI. N.

Индикова Ирина Николаевна, кандидат биологических наук

Петровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация

Irina N. Indikova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)

8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation

Indikova@expmed.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3250-0937ЕвреиноваЕ. Э.EvreinovaE. E.

Евреинова Елена Эдуардовна, кандидат биологических наук

Петровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация

Elena E. Evreinova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)

8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation

Evreinova@expmed.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-8080ГоренковД. В.GorenkovD. V.

Горенков Дмитрий Витальевич 

Петровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация

Dmitry V. Gorenkov

 

gorenkov@expmed.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияScientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal ProductsRussian Federation201925022019192БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение8187Copyright © Бондарев В.П., Шевцов В.А., Индикова И.Н., Евреинова Е.Э., Горенков Д.В., 20192019Бондарев В.П., Шевцов В.А., Индикова И.Н., Евреинова Е.Э., Горенков Д.В.Bondarev V.P., Shevtsov V.A., Indikova I.N., Evreinova E.E., Gorenkov D.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.biopreparations.ru/jour/article/view/186

Ротавирусная инфекция повсеместно является причиной тяжелого гастроэнтерита, приводящего к смерти детей в странах с низким бюджетом. Специфическая профилактика среди детей младшего возраста стала важнейшим средством борьбы с тяжелой формой ротавирусного гастроэнтерита. В обзоре приведены актуальные данные о молекулярной биологии и генетическом разнообразии ротавирусов, взаимодействии вирусных белков с рецепторами клеток организма-хозяина, изучении молекулярных аспектов инфекционности и патогенеза ротавирусной инфекции и развитии иммунитета. Отражен новый подход к пониманию эпидемиологии ротавирусной инфекции как контролируемой инфекции, показаны особенности эпидемического процесса с учетом многолетнего опыта вакцинопрофилактики, обобщена актуальная информация о внедрении в практику здравоохранения вакцин против ротавирусной инфекции в мире. Уделено внимание рискам применения вакцин на основе анализа статистических материалов ВОЗ и научных публикаций об эпидемиологии ротавирусной инфекции и результатов применения вакцин. Рассмотрены подходы уполномоченных органов в области здравоохранения отдельных государств к тактике вакцинопрофилактики ротавирусной инфекции и позиция ВОЗ в отношении применения существующих вакцин для профилактики ротавирусной инфекции. Сделан вывод о необходимости дальнейшего совершенствования тактики вакцинопрофилактики ротавирусной инфекции в России, изучения уровня идиопатической инвагинации, проведения дальнейших исследований по характеристике существующих и вновь появляющихся генотипов ротавирусов.

Rotavirus infection is a widespread cause of severe gastroenteritis in children in low-income countries. Specific prophylaxis in young children has become the most important means of combating severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. The review presents current data on the molecular biology and genetic diversity of rotaviruses, interaction of viral proteins with host cell receptors, molecular aspects of infectivity and pathogenesis of rotavirus infection, and the development of immunity. It addresses a new approach to the epidemiology of rotavirus infection which regards it as a manageable infection, it illustrates the specificity of the epidemic process based on data gained from extensive experience in vaccination, and summarises relevant information on the introduction of rotavirus vaccines into the international healthcare practice. The paper summarises risks associated with the use of vaccines based on the analysis of WHO statistics, scientific publications on the epidemiology of rotavirus infection, and the results of vaccination. It analyses approaches of the competent authorities of some countries to the tactics of vaccination against rotavirus infection and the WHO stance on the use of existing vaccines for the prevention of rotavirus infection. A conclusion was made that it is necessary to further improve the tactics of vaccine prevention of rotavirus infection in Russia, to study the incidence of idiopathic intussusception, and to conduct further studies aimed at characterisation of existing and newly emerging genotypes of rotavirus.

ротавирусная инфекциявакциныротавирусыгенотипированиереассортантывакцинопрофилактикатактика и риски применения вакцинrotavirus infectionvaccinesrotavirusesgenotypingreassortantsvaccinationtactics and risks of using vaccinesРабота выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00154-19-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР AAAA-A18-118021590046-9).The study reported in this publication was carried out as part of a publicly funded research project No. 056-00154-19-00 and was supported by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (R&D public accounting No. AAAA-A18-118021590046-9).ReferencesKotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet. 2013;382(9888):209–22. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet. 2013;382(9888):209–22. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2Tate JE, Burton AH, Boschi-Pinto C, Steele AD, Duque J, Parashar UD, WHO-coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network. 2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(2):136–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70253-5Tate JE, Burton AH, Boschi-Pinto C, Steele AD, Duque J, Parashar UD, WHO-coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network. 2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(2):136–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70253-5Hasan MA, Mouw C, Jutla A, Akanda AS. Quantification of rotavirus diarrheal risk due to hydroclimatic extremes over South Asia: Prospects of satellite-based observations in detecting outbreaks. GeoHealth. 2018;2(2):70–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000101Hasan MA, Mouw C, Jutla A, Akanda AS. Quantification of rotavirus diarrheal risk due to hydroclimatic extremes over South Asia: Prospects of satellite-based observations in detecting outbreaks. GeoHealth. 2018;2(2):70–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000101da Silva M, Miagostovich M, Victoria M. Rotavirus and Astroviruses. In: Global Water Pathogen Project. Part three. Specific excreted pathogens: environmental and epidemiology aspects. Section I. Viruses. 2016. https://doi.org/10.14321/waterpathogens.18da Silva M, Miagostovich M, Victoria M. Rotavirus and Astroviruses. In: Global Water Pathogen Project. Part three. Specific excreted pathogens: environmental and epidemiology aspects. Section I. Viruses. 2016. https://doi.org/10.14321/waterpathogens.18Недачин АЕ, Дмитриева РА, Доскина ТВ, Долгин ВА, Чуланов ВП, Пименов НН. Сточные воды как резервуар возбудителей кишечных вирусных инфекций. Гигиена и санитария. 2015;94(7):37–40.Nedachin AE, Dmitrieva RA, Doskina TV, Dolgin VA, Chulanov VP, Pimenov NN. Waste waters as the reservoir of intestinal enteric viral infections. Gigiena i sanitariya = Hygiene and Sanitation. 2015;94(7):37–40 (In Russ.)Pollard SL, Malpica-Llanos T, Friberg IK, Fischer-Walker C, Ashraf S, Walker N. Estimating the herd immunity effect of rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine. 2015;33(32):3795–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.064Pollard SL, Malpica-Llanos T, Friberg IK, Fischer-Walker C, Ashraf S, Walker N. Estimating the herd immunity effect of rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine. 2015;33(32):3795–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.064Burke RM, Tate JE, Dahl RM, Aliabadi N, Parashar UD. Rotavirus vaccination is associated with reduced seizure hospitalization risk among commercially insured US children. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(10):1614–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy424Burke RM, Tate JE, Dahl RM, Aliabadi N, Parashar UD. Rotavirus vaccination is associated with reduced seizure hospitalization risk among commercially insured US children. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(10):1614–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy424Payne DC, Baggs J, Zerr DM, Klein NP, Yih K, Glanz J, et al. Protective association between rotavirus vaccination and childhood seizures in the year following vaccination in US children. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(2):173–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit671Payne DC, Baggs J, Zerr DM, Klein NP, Yih K, Glanz J, et al. Protective association between rotavirus vaccination and childhood seizures in the year following vaccination in US children. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(2):173–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit671Standaert B, Strens D, Li X, Schecroun N, Raes M. The sustained rotavirus vaccination impact on nosocomial infection, duration of hospital stay, and age: the RotaBIS study (2005–2012). Infect Dis Ther. 2016;5(4):509–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-016-0131-0Standaert B, Strens D, Li X, Schecroun N, Raes M. The sustained rotavirus vaccination impact on nosocomial infection, duration of hospital stay, and age: the RotaBIS study (2005–2012). Infect Dis Ther. 2016;5(4):509–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-016-0131-0Боковой АГ, Иваненко МА, Ковалев ИВ, Мухина АА, Маккавеева ЛФ, Володина ОА и др. Нозокомиальная ротавирусная инфекция у детей. Детские инфекции. 2002;(1):28–31.Bokovoy AG, Ivanenko MA, Kovalev IV, Mukhina AA, Makkaveeva LF, Volodina OA, et al. Nosocomial rotavirus infection in children. Detskie infeksii = Children Infections. 2002;(1):28–31 (In Russ.)Haffejee IE. Neonatal rotavirus infections. Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13(5):957–62.Haffejee IE. Neonatal rotavirus infections. Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13(5):957–62.Hwang NR, Kim JK. Relationship between asymptomatic rotavirus infection and jaundice in neonates: a retrospective study. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18:376. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1352-zHwang NR, Kim JK. Relationship between asymptomatic rotavirus infection and jaundice in neonates: a retrospective study. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18:376. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1352-zCrawford SE, Ramani S, Tate JE, Parashar UD, Svensson L, Hagbom M, et al. Rotavirus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17083. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.83Crawford SE, Ramani S, Tate JE, Parashar UD, Svensson L, Hagbom M, et al. Rotavirus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17083. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.83Rodríguez JM, Chichón FJ, Martín-Forero E, González-Camacho F, Carrascosa JL, Castón JR, Luque D. New insights into rotavirus entry machinery: stabilization of rotavirus spike conformation is independent of trypsin cleavage. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(5):e1004157. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004157Rodríguez JM, Chichón FJ, Martín-Forero E, González-Camacho F, Carrascosa JL, Castón JR, Luque D. New insights into rotavirus entry machinery: stabilization of rotavirus spike conformation is independent of trypsin cleavage. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(5):e1004157. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004157Velázquez FR, Matson DO, Guerrero ML, Shults J, Calva JJ, Morrow AL, et al. Serum antibody as a marker of protection against natural rotavirus infection and disease. J Infect Dis. 2000;182(6):1602–9. https://doi.org/10.1086/317619Velázquez FR, Matson DO, Guerrero ML, Shults J, Calva JJ, Morrow AL, et al. Serum antibody as a marker of protection against natural rotavirus infection and disease. J Infect Dis. 2000;182(6):1602–9. https://doi.org/10.1086/317619Jiang B, Gentsch JR, Glass RI. The role of serum antibodies in the protection against rotavirus disease: an overview. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(10):1351–61. https://doi.org/10.1086/340103Jiang B, Gentsch JR, Glass RI. The role of serum antibodies in the protection against rotavirus disease: an overview. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(10):1351–61. https://doi.org/10.1086/340103Blutt SE, Warfield KL, Lewis DE, Conner МE. Early response to rotavirus infection involves massive B cell activation. J Immunol. 2002;168(11):5716–21. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5716Blutt SE, Warfield KL, Lewis DE, Conner МE. Early response to rotavirus infection involves massive B cell activation. J Immunol. 2002;168(11):5716–21. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5716Matthijnssens J, Otto PH, Ciarlet M, Desselberger U, Van Ranst M, Johne R. VP6-sequence-based cutoff values as a criterion for rotavirus species demarcation. Arch Virol. 2012;157(6):1177–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1273-3Matthijnssens J, Otto PH, Ciarlet M, Desselberger U, Van Ranst M, Johne R. VP6-sequence-based cutoff values as a criterion for rotavirus species demarcation. Arch Virol. 2012;157(6):1177–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1273-3Santos N, Hoshino Y. Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev Med Virol. 2005;15(1):29–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.448Santos N, Hoshino Y. Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev Med Virol. 2005;15(1):29–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.448Gorziglia M, Larralde G, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM. Antigenic relationships among human rotaviruses as determined by outer capsid protein VP4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87(18):7155–9.Gorziglia M, Larralde G, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM. Antigenic relationships among human rotaviruses as determined by outer capsid protein VP4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87(18):7155–9.Matthijnssens J, Van Ranst M. Genotype constellation and evolution of group A rotaviruses infecting humans. Curr Opin Virol. 2012;2(4):426–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2012.04.007Matthijnssens J, Van Ranst M. Genotype constellation and evolution of group A rotaviruses infecting humans. Curr Opin Virol. 2012;2(4):426–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2012.04.007Matthijnssens J, Bilcke J, Ciarlet M, Martella V, Bányai K, Rahman M, et al. Rotavirus disease and vaccination: impact on genotype diversity. Future Microbiol. 2009;4(10):1303–16. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.09.96Matthijnssens J, Bilcke J, Ciarlet M, Martella V, Bányai K, Rahman M, et al. Rotavirus disease and vaccination: impact on genotype diversity. Future Microbiol. 2009;4(10):1303–16. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.09.96Todd S, Page NA, Duncan Steele A, Peenze I, Cunliffe NA. Rotavirus strain types circulating in Africa: Review of studies published during 1997–2006. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(Suppl. 1):S34–42. https://doi.org/10.1086/653555Todd S, Page NA, Duncan Steele A, Peenze I, Cunliffe NA. Rotavirus strain types circulating in Africa: Review of studies published during 1997–2006. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(Suppl. 1):S34–42. https://doi.org/10.1086/653555Luchs A, Timenetsky MC. Group A rotavirus gastroenteritis: post-vaccine era, genotypes and zoonotic transmission. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2016;14(2):278–87. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082016RB3582Luchs A, Timenetsky MC. Group A rotavirus gastroenteritis: post-vaccine era, genotypes and zoonotic transmission. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2016;14(2):278–87. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082016RB3582McDonald SM, Matthijnssens J, McAllen JK, Hine E, Overton L, Wang S, et al. Evolutionary dynamics of human rotaviruses: balancing reassortment with preferred genome constellations. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5(10):e1000634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000634McDonald SM, Matthijnssens J, McAllen JK, Hine E, Overton L, Wang S, et al. Evolutionary dynamics of human rotaviruses: balancing reassortment with preferred genome constellations. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5(10):e1000634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000634Zinder D, Riolo MA, Woods RJ, Pascual M. Role of competition in the strain structure of rotavirus under invasion and reassortment. bioRxiv. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1101/137661Zinder D, Riolo MA, Woods RJ, Pascual M. Role of competition in the strain structure of rotavirus under invasion and reassortment. bioRxiv. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1101/137661Bernstein DI. Rotavirus vaccines: mind your Ps and Gs. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(4):519–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy203Bernstein DI. Rotavirus vaccines: mind your Ps and Gs. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(4):519–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy203Nordgren J, Nitiema LW, Sharma S, Ouermi D, Traore AS, Simpore J, Svensson L. Emergence of unusual G6P[6] rotaviruses in children, Burkina Faso, 2009–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(4):589–97. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1804.110973Nordgren J, Nitiema LW, Sharma S, Ouermi D, Traore AS, Simpore J, Svensson L. Emergence of unusual G6P[6] rotaviruses in children, Burkina Faso, 2009–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(4):589–97. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1804.110973Leshem E, Lopman B, Glass R, Gentsch J, Bányai K, Parashar U, Patel M. Distribution of rotavirus strains and strain-specific effectiveness of the rotavirus vaccine after its introduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(9):847–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70832-1Leshem E, Lopman B, Glass R, Gentsch J, Bányai K, Parashar U, Patel M. Distribution of rotavirus strains and strain-specific effectiveness of the rotavirus vaccine after its introduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(9):847–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70832-1Seheri LM, Magagula NB, Peenze I, Rakau K, Ndadza A, Mwenda JM, et al. Rotavirus strain diversity in Eastern and Southern African countries before and after vaccine introduction. Vaccine. 2018;36(47):7222–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.068Seheri LM, Magagula NB, Peenze I, Rakau K, Ndadza A, Mwenda JM, et al. Rotavirus strain diversity in Eastern and Southern African countries before and after vaccine introduction. Vaccine. 2018;36(47):7222–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.068Dóró R, László B, Martella V, Leshem E, Gentsch J, Parashar U, Bányai K. Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure? Infect Genet Evol. 2014;28:446–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.017Dóró R, László B, Martella V, Leshem E, Gentsch J, Parashar U, Bányai K. Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure? Infect Genet Evol. 2014;28:446–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.017Correia JB, Patel MM, Nakagomi O, Montenegro FM, Germano EM, Correia NB, et al. Effectiveness of monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix) against severe diarrhea caused by serotypically unrelated G2P[4] strains in Brazil. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(3):363–9. https://doi.org/10.1086/649843Correia JB, Patel MM, Nakagomi O, Montenegro FM, Germano EM, Correia NB, et al. Effectiveness of monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix) against severe diarrhea caused by serotypically unrelated G2P[4] strains in Brazil. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(3):363–9. https://doi.org/10.1086/649843de Hoog MLA, Vesikari T, Giaquinto C, Huppertz HI, Martinon-Torres F, Bruijning-Verhagen P. Report of the 5th European expert meeting on rotavirus vaccination (EEROVAC). Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(4):1027–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1412019de Hoog MLA, Vesikari T, Giaquinto C, Huppertz HI, Martinon-Torres F, Bruijning-Verhagen P. Report of the 5th European expert meeting on rotavirus vaccination (EEROVAC). Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(4):1027–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1412019Епифанова НВ, Сашина ТА, Новикова НА, Морозова ОВ, Фомина СГ, Луковникова ЛБ, Кашников АЮ. Спектр генотипов ротавирусов, циркулировавших на территории Нижнего Новгорода в 2005–2012 годах. Доминирование генотипа G4P[8]. Медицинский альманах. 2014;2(32):52–7.Epifanova NV, Sashina TA, Novikova NA, Morozova OV, Fomina SG, Lukovnikova LB, Kashnikow AYu. The variety of genotypes of rotaviruses in Nizhny Novgorod in 2005–2012. The domination of G4P[8] genotype. Medicinskij almanah = Medical Almanac. 2014;2(32):52–7 (In Russ.)Lobzin YV, Kharit SM, Goveia MG, O’Brian MA, Podkolzin AT, Blokhin BM, et al. Burden of childhood rotavirus disease in the outpatient setting of the Russian Federation. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(5):472–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000001472Lobzin YV, Kharit SM, Goveia MG, O’Brian MA, Podkolzin AT, Blokhin BM, et al. Burden of childhood rotavirus disease in the outpatient setting of the Russian Federation. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(5):472–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000001472Kiseleva V, Faizuloev E, Meskina E, Marova A, Oksanich A, Samartseva T, et al. Molecular-genetic characterization of human rotavirus A strains circulating in Moscow, Russia (2009–2014). Virol Sin. 2018;33(4):304–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-018-0043-0Kiseleva V, Faizuloev E, Meskina E, Marova A, Oksanich A, Samartseva T, et al. Molecular-genetic characterization of human rotavirus A strains circulating in Moscow, Russia (2009–2014). Virol Sin. 2018;33(4):304–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-018-0043-0Гирина АА, Курганская АЮ. Ротавирусная инфекция в структуре острых кишечных инфекций у детей. Научный медицинский вестник Югры. 2016;(2):18–22.Girina AA, Kurganskaja AJu. Rotavirus infection in the structure of acute intestinal infections in children. Nauchnyj meditsinskij vestnik Yugry = Scientific Medical Bulletin of Ugra. 2016;(2):18–22 (In Russ.)Рудакова АВ, Харит СМ, Усков АН, Лобзин ЮВ. Оценка предотвращенных затрат на терапию ротавирусной инфекции при вакцинации 5-валентной вакциной в Российской Федерации. Журнал инфектологии. 2014;6(2):71–5.Rudakova AV, Kharit SM, Uskov AN, Lobzin YuV. Assessment of reduction of rotavirus infection burden in case of vaccination with a pentavalent vaccine in Russian Federation. Jurnal infektologii = Journal Infectology. 2014;6(2):71–5 (In Russ.)St-Martin G, Lindstrand A, Sandbu S, Fischer TK. Selection and interpretation of scientific evidence in preparation for policy decisions: a case study regarding introduction of rotavirus vaccine into national immunization programs in Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark. Front Public Health. 2018;6:131. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00131St-Martin G, Lindstrand A, Sandbu S, Fischer TK. Selection and interpretation of scientific evidence in preparation for policy decisions: a case study regarding introduction of rotavirus vaccine into national immunization programs in Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark. Front Public Health. 2018;6:131. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00131Parez N, Giaquinto C, Du Roure C, Martinon-Torres F, Spoulou V, Van Damme P, Vesikari T. Rotavirus vaccination in Europe: drivers and barriers. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(5):416–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70035-0Parez N, Giaquinto C, Du Roure C, Martinon-Torres F, Spoulou V, Van Damme P, Vesikari T. Rotavirus vaccination in Europe: drivers and barriers. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(5):416–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70035-0

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.